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Microbiology: Clostridium - Coggle Diagram
Microbiology:
Clostridium
Clostridium tetani
Source
Wound contamination
:arrow_down: O2 tension
Retrograde axonal transport
Binding to nervous tissue
Migration into CNS
Husbandry procedures
Castration; shearing; docking
Protective endospores
Umbilical cord
Neonatal tetanus
Pathogenesis
:horse_racing: :rabbit: :mouse2: most susceptible :!:
:chicken: Least susceptible
Exotoxin production
Haematogenous spread
Cross blood-brain barrier
Inhibit neurotransmitter glycine + GABA release
Blocks inhibitory interneurons
Brain + SC
Facial nerve
Diagnosis
Clinical signs :o:
Muscle contraction and rigidity
Localised / generalised
Spastic paralysis
Fore+hind limb muscles extension
Hyperaesthetic
Convulsive contractions of voluntary muscles
Unsteady gait
"Sawhorse" stance
Facial muscle
Nictitating membrane
"Lockjaw"
"Worried expression"
Incubation period: 3-10d
Latency common
Culture :red_cross:
Serum
Toxin Ab
Treatment / control
Narrow spectrum beta lactams
Metronidazole / Penicillin G
G+ve aerobes ; anaerobes
Disinfect contamination site
Wound debridement + cleaning
Supportive care
Feeding assistance; Pain relief Eg. NSAIDs
Muscle relaxant Eg.Benzodiazepine
Anti-toxin :horse_racing:
Anaphylaxis :!!:
:dog2: :cat2:
Binds irreversibly to toxin
Tetanus vaccinations (Toxoid) :horse_racing:
Pregnant mares 4-6 wks before foaling
Maximise colostral immunity
Foals 3-4months
Boosters - every 1-2 years
Clostridium botulinum
Source
Contaminated water / food sources
Ingestion of high toxin volume
Poorly stored forage
Dead body contamination :arrow_up_small: protein
Saprophytes; aquatic
Germinate in ideal conditions
Canned food
:arrow_down: O2 tension
High protein
Phosphorous deficiency
Bone chewing (pica)
Pathogenesis
Blocks ACh transmission at NMJ
Dysfunction parasympathetic NS (LMN)
Constipation; urinary retention
Presynaptic membrane
Irreversible binding
Peripheral nerves
Susceptibility: :cow2: > :horse_racing: :dog2: > :cat2: :lion_face:
Small amounts fatal
Activated by enzymes
High protein foods
Ingestion --> GIT --> haematogenous transport
Neurons
Diagnosis
Clinical signs
Progressive ascending flaccid paralysis
Respiratory failure
Symmetrical
Responsive to pain; Slow reflexes
Drooling, recumbent, laboured breathing
"Limber neck" :chicken:
Serology / ELISA
Vomit; plasma; tissue
+ve in acute disease
Contaminated food
Treatment / control
Vaccination (Toxoid)
Toxin type: B;C;D :cow2:
8 types of botulism exotoxin
Species-specific susceptibility
Prevent access to contamination
Phosphorus sufficiency