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COPD - Coggle Diagram
COPD
Symptoms
Fatigue
Exercise intolerance
Sputum productive
Shortness of breath
Cough
"Barrel chest"
Dyspnea
Labored breathing
Hypercapnia and hypoxemia
Cyanosis
Collaborative Treatment
Pulmonary rehabilitation program
Restore diaphragm function, reduce respiratory effort, and improve gas exchange.
Exercise
Energy conservation
Prevent respiratory tract infection
Influenza and pneumococcal vaccine
Avoid smoking and environmental irritants
Airway protection from wind and cold
Bronchodilators
Oxygen therapy
Risk Factors
Exposure to smoke -- primary or secondhand
Respiratory tract infections
Family history/genetics
AATD (antitrypsin disorder)
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Air pollution and occupational exposure
Labs/Diagnostics
Chest radiographs
Spirometry
Health history and physical examination
Exercise tolerance and nutritional status
Oxygen saturation
<90%
Arterial blood gases
Respiratory acidosis
pH <7.35
PaCO2 >45
Complications
Right sided heart failure
Increased vasoconstriction to maintain PO2 levels affects pulmonary vessels and impaires gas exchange in lungs. Increases pressure on pulmonary artery and work by right ventricle.
Respiratory infections
High blood pressure
Lung cancer
Anxiety and depression
Pathophysiology/Causes
Emphysema
Exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke increases movement of inflammatory cells and enzyme activity
Breakdown of elastic and alveolar wall components
Enlargement of distal airspaces to terminal bronchioles
Alveolar dysfunction obstructs gas exchange
Alveolar walls and capillary beds deteriorate
Chronic obstructive bronchitis
Exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke causes increase in goblet cell release
Hypersecretion of mucus in large airways
Hypertrophy of submucosal glands in trachea and bronchii
Excess mucus plugs the airway, causing inflammation
Bronchiolar walls get damaged and fibrosis occurs over time
Excessive mucus production and inflexible lung tissue causes obstruction