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Asthma - Coggle Diagram
Asthma
Symptoms
Wheezing
Breathlessness
Chest tightness
Coughing
Dyspnea
Fatigue
Hypoxemia and hypercapnia
Cyanosis
Tachycardia
Risk Factors
Allergies
Female
Exposure to smoke (primary or secondhand)
Family history/genetics
Exposure to air pollution
Viral infections in childhood
Collaborative Treatment
Prevention of attacks
Avoid stimuli and allergens
Avoid or quit smoking
Prevent respiratory infection
Influenza and pneumococcal vaccine
Airway protection from wind and cold
Desensitization to stimuli
Injection of antigens to stimulate IgG antibody production that blocks IgE response, preventing hyperreactivity.
Pharmacologic management
Inhaled corticosteroids
Mast cell stabilizers
Leukotriene modifiers
Nonpharmacologic measures
Relaxation and controlled breathing
Complications
Decreased lung function/capacity due to scarring
Right sided heart damage
Respiratory arrest, hypoxemia, and death
Inadequate tissue perfusion
Labs/Diagnostics
Spirometry
Health history
Physical examination
Pathophysiology/Causes
Exposure to stimuli hyperreactive release of inflammatory cells
Inflammatory cells release enzymes and chemical in airway, causing inflammation and bronchoconstriction
Narrowing and obstruction of airway due to formation of mucus plugs, edema, and bronchospasm
Air gets trapped in narrow airway during prolonged attack, causing hyperinflation of lungs.
Ventilation and gas exchange require more energy to overcome pulmonary tension
Increased oxygen demands causes dyspnea and fatigue.
Cough is less effective due to trapped air in alveoli and high residual volume
Alveolar ventilation declines, ventilation and perfusion decrease, hypoxemia and hypercapnia occur.
Stress increases on right side of heart.
Eosinophils, lymphocytes, mast cells