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COPD - Coggle Diagram
COPD
Symptoms
Fatigue, exercise intolerance, cough, sputum production, SOB.
Cough occurs in the morning, and dyspnea progresses with the disease.
Late stages of COPD ae associated with recurrent lung infections and could lead to respiratory failure. Show barrel chest.
Emphysema: Think "pink puffier", lack of cyanosis, use of accessory muscles, and pursed lip breathing.
Chronic bronchitis: Think "blue bloater", cyanosis and fluid retention associated with right-sided heart failure.
Exceptional dyspnea, SOB, heaviness, air hunger, gasping is reported in the 6th decade.
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Weight loss, anemia, dyspnea, clubbing fingers, are symptoms of bronchiectasis.
Risk Factors
Smoking or hx of smoking: can cause emphysema bc smoking causes inflammatory cells to enter the lungs which causes elastase and protease enzymes to break down the alveolar wall and elastic.
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Hereditary deficiency in antitrypsin. In emphysema, the body cannot produce antiprotenase enzymes to protect the lungs from protease. could be treated with replacement therapy.
Any person with chronic cough, sputum production, dyspnea, exposure to smoking and/or pollution
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Due to chronic infections, someone can develop bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is associated with TB, so it is important to treat TB.
Pathophysiology (Causes)
Inflammation and fibrosis of the bronchial wall, hypertrophy of the submucosal glands, hyper secretion of mucous, and loss of elastic lung fibers and alveolar tissue.
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Recurrent obstruction of airflow in pulmonary airways. Inflammatory responses to noxious particles and gases contributes to the airway obstruction.
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Chronic obstructive bronchitis: increase in mucus production, obstruction of small airways, and chronic productive cough.
Complications
Emphysema: loss of lung elasticity and enlargement of the airspaces (hyperinflation of the lungs and total lung capacity) on the outside of the terminal bronchioles. Destroyed alveolar walls and capillary beds.
Centriacinar emphysema: associated with cigarette smoking. Located in the upper lobes and in superior lower lobes.
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Chronic bronchitis: airway obstruction of the major and small airways. Mostly seen in men, chronic irritation from smoking and recurrent infections. Hypersecretion of mucus is associated with hypertrophy of submucosal glands in the trachea and bronchi.
Hypoxemia, PO2 levels below 55 mm Hg which causes vasoconstriction.
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Labs/Diagnostic Tests
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Pulmonary function studies: FVC tests to see if the amount of air exhaled takes more than 4-6 seconds.
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Laboratory Tests: ABGs, hemoglobin saturation (>90%),
Collaborative Management
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Long-Term pulmonary rehabilitation program could include reparatory therapist, physical therapist.
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