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Chapter 3 Study Notes - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 3 Study Notes
The Endocrine System
The hormone system
body's chemical messenger system
message gets sent in this order
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
includes endocrine glands
pituitary
master gland
keep endorcrine responses under control
sends out hormone signals of its own through blood
takes order from brain
hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenals
pancreas
hormones
chemical messenger
many hormones serve as neurotransmitters
transmit information by releasing hormones into bloodstream
under normal conditions
works parallel with parasympathetic nervous system
in crisis
shifts into an entirely new mode
agonists
drugs that enhance or mimic neurotransmitters
antagonist
drugs that interfere with neurotransmitters
neural pathways
Bundle of nerves that follow generally the same route and employ the same neurotransmitter
Three Layers of the Brain
Brain Stem
most primitive
medulla
controls breathing and heart rate
pons
regulates brain activity during sleep and dreaming
reticular formation
cerebellum
little brain
attached to brain stem
responsible for
coordinated movement
works cooperately with brain stem
helps keep series of events in motion
control most movement functions
reticular formation
consists of a bundle of nerves that form the brain stem's core
pencil shaped
keeps brain awake and alert
nerve fibers run up to football structure called thalamus
Geographical center of brain
situated atop brain stem
nearly all messages in and out of brain
The Limbic System:
Middle layer of the brain
involved in emotion and memory
includes
hippocampus
component of limbic system
establishing long term memories
amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion
particularly fear and aggression
hypothalamus
A limbic structure that serves as the brain's blood testing lab
monitors blood to determine body's condition
maintains homeostasis
other structures
cerebral cortex
covering of cerebral hemispheres
dense with cell bodies
carries on the mental portion of our higher mental processes
thinking
percieving
Frontal Lobes
Cortical regions at the front of the brain that are especially involved in movement and thinking
work together to perform high mental functions
planning
deciding
percieving
features of personality and temperament have important components here too
motor cortex
at the back of frontal lobe
controls motor movement by sending messages by sending messages via motor nerves
lying in front of central fissure
Parietal Lobes
involved in touch sensation
involved in percieving spatial relationship
somatosensory cortex
involved with sensations of touch
Occipatal Lobes
Cortical regions at back of the brain
housing the visual cortex
relay information to the visual cortex
visual processing areas of cortex in the occipata; and temporal lobes
Temperal Lobes
cortical lobes that process sounds
involved in storing long term memories
What do we know about the brain?
size of grapefruit
weighs 3 lbs
pinkish grey and wrinkled surface
most complex structure known
controls all of our body functions
produces emotions, motives, and insights
ability to think about itself
biopsychology
studies the interaction of biology, behaviour, and mental process
biopsychologist collaborate with
cognitive psychologists
biologists
computer scientists
chemists
neurologists
linguists
results in neuroscience
focuses on the brain and its role in psychological processes
Divisions of the Nervous System
nervous system
entire network of neurons in body
CNS
PNS
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord
serves as body's command center
spinal cord connects brain wth parts of peripheral nervous system
spinal cord
reflexes
Unlearned response set off by tapping tendon just below kneecap
extent of paralysis depends on location of damage
higher the site of damage, the greater extent of paraluss
if it gets severed, paralysis happens
brain
required for voluntary movements
Peripheral Nervous System
All parts of nervous system that lie outside the CNS
connects the CNS with rest of body through bundles of sensory and motor axons, called nerves
carries incoming messages that tell brain about various events
Somatic nervous system
connects sense organs to brain
carries sensory information to the central nervous system
links CNS with the body's skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system
sends communications between CNS and internal organs and glands
carries signals that control internal organs
digestion
breathing
heart rate
arousal
Sympathetic division
Sends messages to internal organs and glands that help us respond to stressful and emergency situation
fight or flight system
creates tension and arousal to various events
Parasympathetic division
monitors routine operations of internal organs and returns the body to calmer functioning after arousal by sympathetic division
Windows on the brain
brain only knows the outside world secondhand
no power to act on its own
must rely on various networks to carry its messages
sensing brain waves with the EEG
using EEG
device for recording brain waves
can record the brain waves
can reveal abnormal waves as well
mapping brain with electrical probes
Canadian psychologist Wilder Penfield mapped the brain using a probe
Recorded their responses
Computerized Brain Scans
CT Scan
A computerized imaging that uses X rays passed through brain at various angers
PET scanning
relies on radioactive sugar consumed by active brain cells
MRI
imaging technique that relies on the response of the cells in a magnetic field
FMRI
type of MRI that reveals which parts of the brain are most active during various mental active
Split Brain
corpus callosum
nerves that connect the two halves of the brain
surgery to cure epilepsy
prevent abnormal electrical rhythms from going back and forth
after operation epilepsy gets less severe
information sharing cannot happen when brain is split in 2
several odd responses were seen
How does the Body Communicate Internally
nervous system
endocrine system
Neuron
cell specialized to recieve and transmit info to other cells in the body
bundles of neurons are called nerves
sensory neurons
Nerve cell that carries messages from sense receptors towards the central nervous system
motor neurons
nerve cells that carries messages away from the central nervous system towards the muscles and glands
both sensory and motor neurons rely on interneurons to go between
A nerve cell that relays messages between nerve cells, especially in the brain and spinal cord
How Neurons Work
reciever parts
accept most incoming messages
consist of dendrites
Branched fiber that extends outwards from the main cell body and carries information into the neuron
complete their job by passing incoming messages to the central part of the neuron, the soma
part of cell containing the nucleus, which includes the chromosomes. Also called the cell body
contains cell nucleus and life support machinery
assesses all messages the cell recieves from the dendrytes
recieves many messages from the other neurons
when excitation triumphs over inhibiton, the aroused neuron generates message of its own
sent through axon
connects soma to terminal buttons. Information travels along axon in the form of an electric charge called the action potential
gets its electrical energy from ions
give axon small negative charge called the resting potential
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when body becomes excited it triggers events known as the action potential
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Synaptic Transmission
relaying of information across synapse by mean of chemical neurotransmitters
synapse
microscopic gap that serves as a communications link between neurons. Synapses also occur between neurons and the muscles or glands that they serve
terminal buttons
Tiny bubblelike structures at end of axo, which contain neurotransmitters that carry the neuron's message into synapse
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that relay neural messages across the synapse. Many neurotransmitters are also hormones
synaptic vesicles
A small container holding neurotransmitter molecules that then connects to the presynaptic membrane, releasing the neurotransmitter into synapse
Plasticity
neurons have ability to change
make new connections
strengthen old ones
process is known as plasticity
allows brain to be restructured and reprogrammed
nervous system's ability to adapt and change as the result of experience
help nervous system adapt to physical damage
brain can be changed by interactions with the outside world
Glial Cells
cells that bind the neurons together.
provide insulating covering of axon for some neurons
facilitates the electrical impulse
facilitates electrical imulse
MS (multiple sclerosis)
attacks myelin sheath
dendrite, soma, axon, terminal buttons is the order in which a neuron signal travels along a neuron
schizophrenia
higher than normal level of dopamine in some areas of the brain
How are genes and behaviour linked?
At birth the human brain is programmed for
language
social interaction
self-preservation
many other functions
How did such potential come to be woven into the brain's fabric
Evolution
Gradual process of biological change that occurs in a species as it adapts to its environment
Charles Darwin
Made case for the evolution of life
concluded that all creatures share a common ancestry
observed variation among individuals within a species
finches
bigger, stronger beaks than others
gave some individuals advantage in struggle for survival and reproduction
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makes sense of things that would seem arbitrary
phobias
involve stimulation that signalled danger to ancestors
snakes
lightning
blood
Have been accepted by all scientists for more than a century
Genetics and Inheritance
genotype
organisms genetic makeup
makes you a unique person
phenotype
observable physical characteristics
makes up chemistry and wiring of your brain
DNA
encodes genetic characteristics
gene
segment of chromosome that encodes the directions for the inherited physical and menal characteristic for an organism
functional units of a chromosome
occur in sequences
chromosomes
structure along which the genes are organized. Consist primarily of DNA
contain punctuation
indicates where each gene begins and ends
composed of smaller molecular units called nucleotides
serve as individual letters in the genetic words
How many genes does it take to make a human?
46 chromosomes
23 mother
23 from father
sex chromosomes
x and y chromosomes that determine our physical sex characteristics
all recieve x chromosome
x from father
female
y from father
male
genes influence psychological characteristics as well as physical traits
hold single gene responsible for a psychological disorder
one abnormal gene linked to impulsive violence streak
can contribute to
schizophrenia
Alzheimer's
The Cooperative Brain
All parts of the brain work together in order to make sure that the brain functions well
Cerebral Dominance
The tendency of each brain hemisphere to exert control over different functions
language
perception of spacial relationships