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Oral exam - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Problem statement/ Research problem
        
        Why is it necessary/important?
        
        For the research field, society, etc.
        
        Why is it interesting in your context?
    - - Independent variables:
        What the scientist is manipulating
      - Categorical variable,
        Can’t be manipulated by the scientist ex. Age, sex, etc
      - Dependent variable. What you will measure, assessed or quantified
      - Independent variables (x-value) and dependent (y-value). You can establish correlations with mathematics
- - - - 4 important questions
        
        What is the research question? Most important part of the project!
        
        What is/are the hypothesis(es)?
        
        What is the research design?
        
        4.Is this design appropriate to answer the question?
    - - The points are the first step to develop the right design.
        
        Must allow for empirical investigation
        
        Independent and dependent variables
        
        Evidence based: Identify small parts of the topic that has not been investigated
        
        Evidential based framework for the research question --> develop hypothesis after a lot of reading --> develop the design related to the question.
    - - Hypothesis is rejected or approved. You test (mostly) one variable
        
        Study sample size
        
        Proper analysis of data
        
        What issues should be involved in data collection
        
        Data interpretation
        
        Traditionally
        
        H0: Null hypothesis
        
        H1: Alternative hypothesis
    - - Strengthen internal and external validity
        
        Internal Validity: The study measures what is said to be measured. Consistency
        
        External validity: Apply inference that your study can be related to other studies
        
        Reproducibility: Made to check the internal validity
      - Unblinded (when everybody knows what is beaing measured, researcher and subject). Blinded (one does not know) Double blinded (no one knows who who is etc. randomized control)
        
        Randomized contro (RCT)
        
        Golden standard of all cause/effect studies: RCT Randomized Control Design two groups (one placebo and one that is ‘’treated’’) hard to do because of the outcome/effects.
    - - Descriptive Research
        
        correlational research
        
        Implies prediction, does not show causation
        Attempts to determine whether and to what degree, relationship exist between two or more quantifiable (numerical) variables.
        It is important to remember that if there is a significant relationship between two variables it does not follow that one variable causes the other. Correlation does not mean causation!
        When two variables are correlated you can use the relationship to predict the value on one variable for a participant if you know that the participants value on the other variable.
        Correlation implies prediction but not causation. The investigators frequently report the correlation coefficient, and a P value to determine strength of the relationship.
        
        evaluative
        
        meta-analysis
        
        With hypothesis
        
        Cohort study: Longitudinal study, repeated measurement, repeated cross-sectional measures over time. O1, O2, O3. Challenging research method ex. People dropping out, is this the right way to measure the research question, everything must be well planned and thought through. Can determine changes in population, cause & effect.
        
        Case control: You look in the past, it’s easy to obtain data and ‘’go’’ back in data, Retroperspective or properspective. You study cases and look at for example. Two variables of chooise
        
        Cross sectional: Done at one point in time, measurement is taken only once, no follow up! And often correlational (does not show the cause and effect) accrue in this type of study. ‘’easy’’ design an unexpensive
      - Analtyical research
        
        Sampling based on:
        
        exposure: cohort study
        
        outcome: case control study
        
        neither: cross sectional study
      - Experimental research
        
        True experimental
        
        Quasi experimental
        
        Control for independent and dependent variable Shows causation. Some kind of treatment and a group that does not get the treatment
        
        RCT golden standard
        
        Crossover design:
        
        Divide subjects into groups, All the subjects do some kind of intervention and then they do a placebo intervention. The subjects are their own control-group. Easier study, you only need one group. Fallout Is less. Two problems: Carry over effect – wait until they are at the same baseline level at start of the project (wash out period) Learning effect – You want the subjects to have the same characteristics
- - - - Right from the beginning - what would you like to investigate and why,
      - How are you going to do it, what & why?
      - This must be in aliment with research questions, theory, method.
      - One more main more general aim with one or two more specific
      - Don’t use yes/no questions, analytic research
      - Expect finding something you did not think about, don’t force your results, be open minded and make the result explicit, what did you really find?
    - - Data Collection Quantitative:
        Survey
        fitness test,
        statistic analysis
      - Interviews – semi, structured, in depth
        
        Sensitive questions in the middle or towards the end – make sure the timing is right, order the questions appropriate, get to know the participants.
        Drawing on relevant literature and personal experience (if appropriate)
        Open-ended questions
        Semi-structures, unstructured, in-depth, group interview
        Well designed
        Aims to obtain the perspectives, feeling and perceptions from the participant
        A conservation with a purpose
      - Observations
        
        o The rigorous of perceiving the workings of people, culture and society
        
         You have to spend some time in the place to get to know the people
        
        o Not only restricted to ethnology
        
        o Allow to examine people’s lives in situations and life as it happens in real time
        
        o Enable to record the mundane and taken-for-granted feature of everyday life
        
        o Participant vs non-participant
        
         You are participating in the activity to experience what the subjects are experiencing, vs you only observe the situation
        
        o Recording observations: field notes vs filming
        
         Use a focus guide to keep in mind what you are going to observe!
      - Ethnography
        
        Spending time at the same place for 4-5 moths (at least) for data generation – you want to be involved in the culture to understand why something is happening
        A first-hand experience and exploration of a particular social or cultural setting – cultural setting
        
        Researcher becomes a participant too
        Attention how you enter the field
        Interpretation of cultural experiences/acts
        Is a method that involves observation
      - Visual: Photo elicitation
        
        You can bring pictures or you can ask the participants to bring their own pictures
        An enabling methodology witch assumes that ‘people have something interesting to communicate, and that they can do so creatively’
        Reflections of pictures: start broad and go more specific
        Images have the potential to simulate reflections that words alone cannot
        Visual material have the power to ‘show’ rather than I just ‘tell’ things about their lives
        Reactions to pictures
        Offer a different way of ‘knowing’ the world
      - Narratives
      - Mixed methods: bigger sample, survey
      - Focus Groups
        
        o The participants have a high degree of control over the direction and content of the discussion
        o They allow for the examination of the social interaction between the participants
        o Be careful when researching sensitive issues
        o They allow for dynamic dialogue among the participnts
        o The lively collective interation can bring forth more spontanes, expressive and emotional views
        o Work well as exploratory studies
      - Autoethnography
        
        Self-narratives that explore and critique the situatedness of self in different social context
        Theory is very important to understand what you experienced
        Autoethnography is about linking self with the content, culture, setting
        The stories contain more than self:
        Words and experiences matter
        Richness (details) of narratives is value
        Writing about you as a participant but also a researcher
        Use personal experiences as primary data
  - - - Open for changes, the first question you intended to examine does not have to the final one, you have to be open to change the question.
- - - - ‘’Intellectual plagiarism’’
        
        Fabrication and falsification data
        
        Nonpublication of data
        
        Faulty data-gathering procedures
        
        Misleading authorship