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WATER SECURITY #2 - Coggle Diagram
WATER SECURITY #2
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WATER USES, DEMAND AND SUPPLY
USES:
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domestic use - e.g. bathing and showering; flushing toilets; drinking and cooking: washing clothes and dishes; watering the garden
industrial use - e.g. producing a litre of beer uses 300 litres of water; producing a hamburger uses on average 2400 litres of water; the production of one tonne of paper uses 400000 litres of water.
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DEMAND:
Water demand and consumption have increased dramatically during the last 100 years with global demand doubling every 20 years. The major factor behind the rising emend has been the continuing growth of the world’s population. Between 1990 and 2010, teh world population grew from 5.3 billion to an estimated 6.8 billion. However, the rise in the demand and consumption of water is not just due Yo growing umbers of people. Development also plays an important part.
The rising standard of the living that is part of development increases the domestic use of water. More houses with piped water, flush toilets, showers and baths, washing machines, and even swimming pools mean much higher water consumption.
The rise in agricultural productivity needed to feed a growing population increases the use of water, particularly for irrigation.
Industrialisation is a key part of development. Most factories are large consumers of water. Water is used for cooling machinery. It is also used in the generation of electricity for powering industry.
SUPPLY:
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Reservoirs - these are artificial lakes created by building a dam across a valley and allowing it to flood. The water collected and stored behind the dam can become an important water supply
Aquifers and wells - much of the world’s fresh water supply Liew underground. It it stored in porous rocks known as aquifers. This groundwater can be extracted by drilling wells or boreholes down to the aquifer. The water is then raised to the surface by buckets, pumps or under its own pressure.
WATER SURPLUS AND DEFICT
Areas where the water balance is negative - In other words where water demand exceeds supply. These are referred to as water-deficit areas
Area where the water balance is positive - in other words water-surplus areas where the supply or availability of water exceeds demand
Areas where water demand and supply are roughly the same - water-neutral area where the water balance is literally evenly balanced.
WATER QUALITY
Water quality is very significant. This shows that water is being used for domestic purposes Sucha s drinking, cooking and washing. It also applies to teh growing of crops and rearing of livestock. Clean water is a priority. Polluted water threatens human health and is the cause of diseases such as cholera, bilharzia, typhoid and diarrhoea.
Water quality caries from place to place for a variety of reasons. For example, water quality is generally poorer in dry climates or where the climate has a marked dry season. During dry periods, any water that remains on teh surface becomes stagnant and can be a breeding ground for diseases. Pollution is another key factor that affects water quality, and thus varies greatly from place to place. Levels of pollution are particularly high in urban areas and especially in LIC cities.
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Cycle of water pollution
Agriculture
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Deforestation - run off carries soil and silt into rivers, with serious effects on quality life and humans who drink the water
Industry
Taking cooling water for an electric power station from a river and returning it to the sources at a higher temperature upsets river ecosystems
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Working of metallic minerals and the heavy use of water in processing ore - toxic substances eventually find their way into rivers
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Flooding factors (Human)
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Agriculture
The risk of flooding increased by leaving the soil bare, overgrazing, monoculture and ploughing down rather than across slopes
Climate change
Increasing temperatures, partly due to the burning of fossil fuels, cause more melting of ice sheets and glaciers, as well as more rainfall and more frequent storms
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