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image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Transient oceans and precipitation leads to erosion and weathering
      - Transient precipitation leads to the formation of glaciers
      - Transient precipitation leads to increased groundwater stores
    - - Cold, dry atmosphere
      - negligible weathering & erosion
      - Large ground ice sheets
      - groundwater stores beneath the surface
    - - Volcanic heating and eruption spews gases into the atmosphere
      - Switches from Long term steady state to transient cool & wet state
      - these gases form condensation nuclei in the atmosphere
      - Volcanic gases increase greenhouse effect = warming the planet
- - - - Nearer to the surface
      - fluids are in contact with the Martian atmosphere
      - Water to rock ratios:
        
        Higher (W/R > 1)
        
        More ion transport = changes element amounts/composition
        
        Residual rock (Rock that is not transported) is aluminium rich
        
        Transported rock generate Fe/Mg smectite, jarosite & silica formation
        
        Low (W/R < 1)
        
        Olivine is mostly what dissolves
        
        Depleting the abundances of Fe/Mg smectite formation
        
        amorphous products & salt form coatings
    - - Occur in subsurface waters
      - Closed =Water is closed off from the Martian afmosphere
      - Typically low water-rock ratio (W/R <1)
      - Ion transport is minimal, so elemental amounts remain constant
      - Products: Iron(ii)/Magnesium smectits, chlorite and serpentine
    - - Can be used to model hydrothermal systems during Noachian/Hesperian periods
      - Through clay formation/diversity, we can understand the Martian hydrosphere
- - - - Gamma ray spectroscopy shows evidence for frozen H2O and CO2 on the polar caps
    - - Due to the varying tilt of mars, there may be a cycle of "Ice ages" on mars where there are large amounts of snow on its polar caps