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Hemoparasites - Coggle Diagram

- - - - clinical signs
        
        lethargy
        
        depression
        
        hemolytic anemia
        
        icterus
        
        splenomegaly
        
        +/- thrombocytopenia
        
        tissue hypozia
      - pathogenesis
        
        immune mediated destruction
        
        spherocytes
        
        ghost cells
        
        RBCs
        
        RBCs more fragile
        
        merozoite release
        
        babesia invasion
      - diagnosis
        
        piroplasma ID on blood smear
        
        numerous in acute infection
        
        not as obvs with chronic
        
        PCR
        
        Ag
        
        perform before antimicrobial admin
        
        false negative in low parasitemia
        
        serology
        
        cannot distinguish B. canis and B. gibsoni
    - - life cycle same as canine
      - endemic risk
        
        calves have immunity for ~6mo
        
        animals that recover are normally immune for life
        
        susceptibility
        
        endemic ticks
        
        breed
        
        Bos incus is more resistant
      - pathogenesis
        
        2-3w incubation after tick infestation
      - infective spp.
        
        B. bigemina
        
        clinical signs
        
        anemia
        
        hallmarks of either
        
        fever
        
        dark red or brown urine
        
        a "redwater" disease
        
        parasitemia
        
        B. bovis
        
        clinical signs
        
        neurological signs
        
        anemia later in disease
        
        circulatory shock
      - prevention
        
        vaccine
        
        live attenuated
        
        admin 3-9mo cattle
        
        propylactic amidocarb in endemic area
        
        tick resistant breeds
        
        tick control
        
        quarantine buffer zones in endemic areas
  - - - Hepatozoon americanum
        
        targets skeletal and smooth mm
        
        southern US
        
        carried by Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast tick
        
        life cycle
        
        asexual stages
        
        merozoites
        
        onion skin cysts
        
        mononuclear cells w/n well-vascularized pyogranulomas
        
        gamonts in WBCs
        
        sexual stages
        
        ookinete
        
        oocysts
        
        sporocyts
        
        sporozoite
        
        infect the dog
        
        cytozoites
        
        present in tissue of paratenic hosts
        
        ingests tick that contains sporulated oocysts (12-24 ID
        
        sporozoites rupture from oocysts
        
        invade mm
        
        inflammatory response
        
        macrophage recruitment
        
        diagnosis
        
        testing
        
        mm biopsy
        
        gold standard
        
        onion skin H&E
        
        qPCR on blood
        
        can be challenging
        
        expected findings
        
        non-specific chem changes
        
        CK increase
        
        mm damage
        
        mild anemia
        
        iflammation caused
        
        mild parasitemia
        
        gamonts on blood smear or buffy coat
        
        severe neutrophilia
        
        can be mistaken for myeloid leukemia
        
        clinical
        
        travel to endemic area
        
        severe leukocytosis
        
        muscle pain
      - Hepatozoon canis
    - - dogs
      - large cats
    - - ingestion of tick
    - - neutrophilia
- - - - DH
        
        people
        
        dogs
        
        cats
      - IH
        
        mosquitoes
        
        inject L3 larvae in sq
      - adult worms live in pulmonary arteries
      - gotta add a lot more info here
    - - worm burden in pulmonary artieries
      - endothelial damage
        
        leukocyte activation
        
        hypercoagulable state
      - thickened and torturous pulmonary vessels
      - decreased cardiac output
      - +/- glomerulonephritis
      - caval disease
        
        heavy worm burden
        
        overflow worms into R atria and post vena cava
        
        tricuspid valve interferes
        
        peracute hemolytic anemia
        
        R sided :<3: failure
        
        clinical findings
        
        pallor
        
        weak pulses
        
        tachycardia
        
        sudden collapse
        
        hemoglobunuria
        
        hemoglobinemia
        
        DIC
        
        R sided :<3: murmur
        
        clinical signs
        
        cough
        
        weight loss
        
        jugular distention
        
        R sided :<3: failure
        
        ascites
        
        R sided enlargement
        
        abberent :eye: migration
        
        proteinuria
    - - ELISA SNAP
        
        highly specific
        
        detects adult female reproductive Ag
        
        can be false neg...
        
        <2 female worms
        
        cannot detect entirly M infection
        
        Ag-AB binding
        
        need confirmatory test
      - thoracic radiographs
        
        reverse D appearance of the heart
        
        right-sided cardiomegaly
        
        torturous vessels
      - blood smear
        
        feathered edge
      - knott's test
    - - routine admin of macrocyclic lactons
        
        only kill sq L3 and L4 larvae
        
        limit mosquito contact
- - - - humans
      - dogs
      - cats
      - infected when trypanosome is defecated into wound
    - - extracellular and intracellular stages
      - form amastigotes in skeletal and cardiac mm
      - transmission
        
        stericoroan
        
        transplacental
        
        lactation
    - - progressive cardiac damage
      - cardiac arrythmias
      - sudden death
      - collapse
    - - serology
      - indirect Ab or ELISA
        
        x-rxn with Leishmania
      - PCR
        
        false negatives common
      - ECG
        
        searching for cysts
      - +/- enlarged :<3:
      - elevated troponin I
      - blood/buffy smear
        
        rare to find anything
        
        ID trypomastigotes
    - - insecicides
      - screen blood donors and breeding dogs