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History of Psychology - Coggle Diagram
History of Psychology
Founders
Mary Whiton Calkins- She believed that the conscious self was the primary focus in psychology. She also founded a technique used to study memory called the Paired-associate technique.
Charles Darwin- Created the theory of evolution and natural selection. He found that organisms who are better adapted have a better chance of surviving than organisms not adapted.
Dorothea Dix-Created the first mental institution after seeing people were being treated awfully. She also improved the conditions in prison.
Sigmund Freud- Developed psychoanalysis and found a reliable way to release suppressed memories. Then he analyzed patients' dreams in order to source the will of their unconsciousness.
G. Stanley Hall- Developed “genetic psychology” and had the first study lab at Harvard and was also the first to apply psychology to education. He published a study that child development was based on human evolution.
William James- He helped to make psychology an actual field and made a book people can learn psychology from which resulted in allowing him to make it a class that can be offered.
Ivan Pavlov- He discovered classical conditioning through experiments. One of these experiments helped to make a big impact on behaviorism.
Jean Piaget- He was the first psychologist to systematically study cognitive development. He did experiments through child development and then also made 4 different developmental stages to use as guidelines.
Carl Rogers- He created client-centered therapy which is a psychotherapy method. He’s also the founder of humanistic psychology.
B.F. Skinner- He is known as the father of operant conditioning. Overall he broadened the psychological knowledge of human behavior and response to stimuli.
Margaret Floy Washburn- She was best known for her experimental work in animal behavior and motor theory development. She was the first woman to be granted a PhD in psychology, and the second woman, to serve as an APA President.
John B. Watson- He played a big role in developing behaviorism through an experiment called “The Little Albert”. He believed that humans, like animals, should be studied in a lab.
Wilhelm Wundt- He played a big role in developing behaviorism through an experiment called “The Little Albert”. He believed that humans, like animals, should be studied in a lab.
Albert Bandura- He researched the social learning theory, which is basically that you learn through watching others. He also created the social cognitive theory which is where your personality is based on your environment, personal factors, and behavioral factors.
Erik Erikson- He was best known for his theory of psychosocial development and the concept of an identity crisis. His theories helped to improve how we thought of personality instead of not focusing solely on children.
Alfred Binet- He published many books on cognitive thinking and produced intelligence tests and created “IQ”. He was the first to believe we should measure how smart people are.
Roger Sperry- He was known for his split-brain research and chemoaffinity hypothesis. He discovered many things on the brain.
Abraham Maslow- Maslow was known for his Hierarchy of Needs where he used certain psychological terms in order to describe the pattern by which human motivations generally move.
Gordon Allport- Had a strong interest in the personality theories, and placed a strong emphasis on conscious motivations and thoughts.
Carl Jung- He founded analytical psychology which emphasized the importance of the individual psyche and the personal quest for wholeness. Then he also was the first to identify introversion and extroversion.
Subfields
Clinical- They treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Some are short term and others can be long term. Certain clinical psychologists focus on specific groups/disorders in order to become more familiar.
School- They work directly with public or private schools usually full time. They counsel students then consult with parents and teachers in order to make behavioral interventions when needed.
Educational- They focus on how effective teaching and learning take place. They take into consideration factors such as human abilities, student motivation, and diversity.
Health- They specialize in seeing how biological, psychological, and special factors affect health and illness. They help people develop strategies to control pain and change old health habits.
Forensic- They apply psychological principles to legal issues. They help make decisions and can conduct research on jury and eyewitness behavior. They look into the principles behind why a criminal does what they do.
Developmental- They study the psychological development (growth) of a human that takes place throughout life. They focus on childhood and adolescence and more recently, aging.
Industrial Organizational- They apply psychological principles and research methods to the workplace in order to improve productivity and the quality of work life.
Perspectives
Biological- study of physical bases of behavior + thinking (anatomy, hormones, neurotransmitters)
Psychodynamic- A modern version of psychoanalysis: emphasizes on early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind influence
Behavioral- Goal is to focus on how learning is acquired, and modified in response to environmental influence
Humanistic- Focus on the motivation of people, emphasizing their interpersonal relationships and how we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment
Positive Psychology- scientific study focused on positive emotions and psychological states (optimism)
Cognitive- How mental processes influence behavior (memory, thinking/processing, problem solving)
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Evolutionary- Applying Darwin's theory of evolution to thinking and behavior (survival of the fittest/natural selection)
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