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Biomolecules - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Function: Selective acceleration of chemical reactions
        Ex: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds
    - - Function: Protection against disease
        Ex: Antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria
    - - Function: Storage of amino acids
        Ex: Casein is a major source of amino acids for infant mammals
    - - Function: Transport of substances
        Ex: Hemoglobin - iron containing protein of blood which transports oxygen from the lungs to areas of the body
    - - Function: Coordination of an organism's activity
        Ex: Insulin is a hormone created by the pancreas which causes tissue to absorb glucose, ultimately regulating blood sugar concentration
    - - Function: Response of cell to chemical stimuli
        Ex: Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell direct signaling molecules released by other nerve cells
    - - Function: movement
        Ex: Motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella
    - - Function: support
        Ex: Keratin is a protein that strengthens hair
  - - - Small changes/errors in structure can result in diseases, including Sickle Cell Disease. This will prevent the protein from functioning properly.
        
        Denaturation will occur as a result of changes in pH, temperature, etc. and will cause the protein to unravel
- - - - Deoxyribonucleic acid: provides directions for its own replication while also directing the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) - controls protein synthesis
        Structure: DNA forms as a double helix of two polynucleotides which creates two backbones which run opposite to one another (antiparallel arangement)
      - Sugar in DNA is called deoxyribose
      - Thymine is used instead of uracil
    - - Ribonucleic acid: helps DNA in protein synthesis
      - Structure: RNA forms as a single polypeptide chain
      - Sugar in RNA is called ribose
      - Uracil is used instead of Thymine
  - - - Purines: Adenine (A) and guanine (G)
      - Pyrimidines: Uracil (U), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C)
- - - - Purpose is to store energy
        
        Constructed from 2 types of molecules (glycerol and fatty acids)
        Fats separate in water because the hydrogen atoms from H2O bond with themselves and not with the fats
        
        Glycerol: a 3 carbon alcohol with hydroxyl groups (fatty acids) attached to each carbon
        
        Saturated fatty acids: solid at room temperature and found in animals
        
        Unsaturated fatty acids: liquid at room temperature and found in plant/fish fats
    - - Made from 2 non-polar fatty acid tails and a phosphate group - all attached to a glycerol head. The tails are hydrophobic while the heads are hydrophilic.
        
        When in water, phospholipids create a phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane). The purpose is to protect the cell from the outside environment.
    - - Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 rings
        Cholesterol is an important steroid in animals which helps form healthy cell membranes (too much can me harmful)