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Sir Isaac Newton and Forces …

- - - - Normal force is a force that acts on any object that is sitting on a physical surface, perpendicular to the surface it's sitting on. Because Newton's third law states that "for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction", normal force is the equal (in size) and opposite (in direction) to gravity. This is often represented by free body diagrams.
        
        If a soccer ball is sitting on grass, and gravity is pointing downwards (toward the center of the earth), with a force of 4.5 N, then the normal force will be pointing up towards the sky (opposite in direction), with a force of 4.5 N (equal in size), because for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
      - Force of tension occurs when an object is hanging from a rope, chain, or something similar. It acts similarly to normal force, equal in force and opposite in direction to gravity. When an object is hanging in the air, normal force does not affect it, because it is not on a surface, so tension basically replacees normal force.
      - The force of gravity is a force that applies in every situation on earth (literally). The force of gravity is 9.8 N. To find the force of gravity on a specific object, you have to know the mass of the object. Fg= 9.8 (m). So, if you have a 50 kg object, the Fg will be 490.
        
        this is how to calculate weight, because the definition of weight is "the force of gravity on an object"
  - - - The coefficient of drag is similar to the coefficient of friction, in that it is measured in a lab based on the shape of the object
      - The cross sectional area is the area of an object when you are looking directly at it. For example, the cross sectional area of a bullet is a circle, although the nose is cone shaped, when you look at it head on it is a circle, and this is how the coefficient of drag is determined
        
        From the side, a cylinder looks like this, (left) but it's cross sectional area looks like this (right)
      - The density of fluid varies depending on what fluid it is. For example, the density of water is 1000 kg/m^3, meaning that in one meter cubed of water, it contains 1000 kg of water.
- - - - The Greek letter mu is used to represent the coefficient of friction
- - - - When all forces acting on an object are balanced, this is a state known as equilibrium.
        
        Balanced forces are when all of the forces acting on an object cancel each other out, like the FBD to the right. When this happens, it means that an object is either stationary or moving at a constant speed. Since you are given no more information by the free body diagram, you don't know.
        
        Unbalanced forces are forces acting on an object that combine and have a net force that is not zero