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Key themes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - F1 Generation
        
        F2 Generation
  - - - Monohybrid Cross
    - - Dihybrid Cross
- - - - Matthew Meselson & Franklin Stahl
  - - - Opens/ Untwist
    - - Attach & Stabilize
    - - Snips DNA strand
    - - Builds RNA Primer
    - - Builds DNA off of Primer
    - - 5' to 3'
    - - 3' to 5'
      - Okazaki Fragments
        
        DNA Ligase
        
        Fills Gaps with Covalent Bonds
    - - Error Rate
        
        Pairing: 1/10^5
        
        Completed: 1/10^10
    - - Telomerase
    - - Nucleosome
      - 30nm Fiber
      - Looped Domains
      - Histones
      - Chromosome
      - Euchromatin
        
        Loosely Packed
      - Heterochromatin
        
        Condensed
- - - - Must be testable
    - - Must be repeatable
      - Observable results
      - Control Group
      - Experimental Group
      - Dependent Variable
      - Independent Variable
- - - - Nonspontaneous
        
        △ G > 0
      - Spontaneous
        
        △ G < 0
      - Equilibrium
        
        △ G = 0
  - - - Reduces Reaction Threshold
    - - Attaches to
    - - Template / Stress / Microenvironment / Direct Participation
    - - Ph
      - Temperature
      - Cofactors
        
        Inorganic / Coenzyme
      - Inhibitors
        
        Competitive
        
        Noncompetitive
        
        Allosteric
      - Concentration
- - - - Both Hydrophilic / Hydrophobic
    - - Integral Proteins
        
        Called Trans-Membrane if they cross
        
        Transport / Recognition / Numerous Functions
      - Peripheral Proteins
        
        Surface Bound
        
        Numerous Functions
      - Transport Proteins
        
        Channel
        
        Carrier
        
        Can Be Specific / Change Shape
  - - - No Vesicle
    - - Vesicle
  - - - Solute = Cell
      - Animal / Normal *
      - Plant / Flaccid
    - - Solute > Cell
      - Animal / Shriveled
      - Plant / Plasmolyzed
    - - Solute < Cell
      - Animal / Lysed
      - Plant / Turgid *
  - - - Phagocytosis
      - Pinocytosis
      - Receptor Mediated
- - - - trp Absent
      - Repressor Inactive
      - Operon On
      - Repressible
    - - Operon Off
      - Repressor Active
      - Lactose Present
      - Inducible
    - - Promoter
      - Operator
      - Regulatory Gene
    - - cAMP
        
        Activator
    - - miRNA
      - siRNA
      - piRNA
      - lncRNA
  - - - Pattern Formation
      - Positional Information
      - Bicoid
      - Morphogens
- - - - Disaccharide
        
        Glycosidic bond
    - - Glycogen
        
        Storage for animals
      - Starches
        
        Storage for plants
      - Cellulose
        
        Structure for plants
      - Chitin
        
        Structure for animals
  - - - Saturated
        
        Max number of Hydrogen
      - Unsaturated
        
        Cis double bonds
      - Trans
        
        Non-natural
        
        Higher chance for disease
      - Long term storage
      - Cushioning
      - Insulation
    - - Cell Membrane Components
        
        Two fatty acids
        
        Phosphate
        
        Glycerol
    - - Cholesterol
      - Sex hormones
      - Communication
      - Fluidity / Stability
      - Anabolic
        
        Synthetic
  - - - Enzymes
      - Defense / Storage / Communication / Structural Support / Transport
    - - Primary
        
        Secondary
        
        Tertiary
        
        Quaternary
        
        Multiple polypeptide
        
        Abundance of Interactions
    - - Misfolded Proteins
        
        Alzheimer's / Parkinson's
    - - Denaturation
  - - - Sugar
        
        Deoxyribose
        
        Thymine, Cytosine, Adenosine, Guanine
        
        Ribose
        
        Uracil, Cytosine, Adenosine, Guanine
      - Phosphate
      - Nitrogenous Base
        
        Pyrimidines
        
        Purines
  - - - Dehydration
        
        Polymers
        
        Hydrolysis
- - - - 8 Chromosomes
    - - Wild
      - Mutant
      - Y-Linked
      - X-Linked
        
        Muscular Dystrophy
        
        Hemophilia
      - Barr Body
  - - - Genetic Map
      - Linkage Map
      - Cytogenic Map
  - - - Monosomy
      - Trisomy
      - Down-Syndrome
- - - - Photosystem
        
        PS2
        
        P680
        
        PS1
        
        P700
    - - Carbon Fixation
      - Reduction
      - Regeneration
  - - - Multicellular Algae
      - Plants
      - Unicellular Protists
      - Cyanobacteria
      - Purple Sulfur Bacteria
  - - - Photorespiration
      - Rubisco eats O2
    - - Spatial Separation W/Bundle Sheath Cells
    - - Hibernate
      - Temporal Separation
  - - - Spectrophotometer
        
        Chlorophyll-a
        
        Chlorophyll-b
        
        Carotenoid
- - - - Paracrine
      - Synaptic
    - - Exocytosis
  - - - GDP/GTP
      - Protein Coupled Receptor
    - - ATP/ADP
      - Proteins
- - - - Natural Selection
      - Restriction Enzymes
      - CRIPSR Cas-9
  - - - Type 4
        
        Template for Synthesis of mRNA
      - Type 5
        
        Serves as mRNA
      - Type 6
        
        Retrovirus
        
        Provirus
        
        Reverse Transcriptase
        
        Template for Synthesis of DNA
    - - Type 3
    - - Type 2
    - - Type 1
  - - - Virulent Phage
      - Temperate Phage
    - - Prophage
- - - - Living Cells / Fluorescence Dye
    - - Nonliving / High Magnification / Uses Heavy Metals
    - - Nonliving / Internal / Uses Heavy Metals
    - - Nonliving / Surfaces / Uses Gold
  - - - Chromotin
  - - - Most Genes Found Here
      - Nucleolus
        
        Darkened Area Inside
      - Nuclear Envelope
        
        Additional Bi-Layer
    - - Golgi Apparatus
        
        Stores, Packages, Sends, Modifies through Vesicles
      - Smooth E.R.
        
        Synthesize Lipids, Metabolize Carbs, Detox, and Storage
      - Rough E.R.
        
        Location of Ribosomes
      - Lysosome
        
        Assists Cell in Digestion
      - Vesicles
        
        Transportation w/n Cell
      - Vacuole
        
        Storing Water / Nutrients
        
        Larger in Plants
      - Endosymbionts
        
        Chloroplast
        
        Plants Cells
        
        Performs Photosynthesis
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Cellular Respiration
        
        Peroxisome
        
        Break Down Toxins
    - - Cell Wall
        
        Plants
        
        Support / Defense
      - Plasmodesmata
        
        Cellular Connections
      - Cell Junctions
        
        Gap
        
        Similar to Plasmodesmata
        
        Smaller / More Selective
        
        Tight
        
        Sealant
        
        Anchoring
        
        Holds Together
    - - Intermediate Filaments
        
        Reinforce Shape
      - Microtubules
        
        Multiple Functions
      - Microfilaments
        
        Support / Shape
        
        Microvilli Cores
      - Cilia / Flagella
- - - - S-Phase
        
        Make Another Copy of DNA
      - G2
        
        Checks for Errors
      - G1
        
        Duplication of Cells / Not DNA
      - Most of time spent here
    - - Gametes
    - - Prophase
        
        Centrosomes Opposite Sides
        
        Nucleolus Gone
      - Prometaphase
        
        Microtubules Grab Chromosomes
        
        Envelope Disappears
      - Metaphase
        
        Everything In Middle
      - Anaphase
        
        Sister Chromatids Are Split
        
        Microtubules Push Apart
      - Telophase
        
        Chromosomes Reach Opposite End
        
        Nuclear Envelope Reappears
      - Cytokinesis
        
        Cleavage Furrow / Animal
        
        Cell Plate / Plants
        
        Cell Splits Into Two
      - Chromatin
        
        Chromatids
        
        Sister Chromatids
      - Chromosomes
        
        Daughter
    - - Cyclins
      - Cyclin-Dependent
    - - Mitotic Spindle
      - Centrosomes
      - Centromeres
      - Kinetochores
      - Asters
      - Metaphase Plates
  - - - Wont Spread
    - - Has Spread
    - - Can Spread
- - - - location of particular gene
    - - Homologous Chromosomes
  - - - Fertilization
        
        Diploid / Zygotes
        
        Mitosis / Development
        
        Random 2^n
    - - Prophase 1
        
        Chiasmata
        
        Synaptonemal Complex
        
        Synapsis
        
        Crossing Over
      - Metaphase 1
        
        Double File Down Middle
        
        Independent Assortment
      - Anaphase 1
        
        Spindle Pulls / Homologous Chromosomes Separate
      - Telophase 1 / Cytokinesis
        
        Two Daughter Cells
    - - Prophase 2
        
        New Spindle Forms
      - Metaphase 2
        
        Line Up Single File
        
        Independent Assortment
      - Anaphase 2
        
        Pull Apart Sister Chromatids
      - Telophase 2 / Cytokinesis
        
        Divide Into Haploid Daughter Cells
    - - Low Energy / Well Suited For Environment
    - - More Variation
- - - - Triple code
        
        Codon
    - - RNA polymerase
      - Promoter
      - Terminator
    - - Initiation
      - Elongation
      - Termination
    - - TATA box
    - - RNA processing
      - 5' cap
      - pony-A tail
      - RNA splicing
        
        Introns
        
        Extrons
        
        spliceosomes
        
        ribozymes
        
        Alternative RNA splicing
        
        domains
  - - - rRNA
      - P Site
      - A Site
      - E-Site
      - Polyribosomes
    - - Anti Codon
      - Amino Acid Attachment Site
      - Wobble
      - Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
    - - Polypeptide
  - - - Substitutions
        
        Silent
        
        Missense
        
        Nonsense
      - Insertion or Deletion
        
        Frameshift
- - - - Stanly Miller/Harold Urey
  - - - Enantiomers
      - Structural
      - Cis/Trans
- - - - Surface Tension
    - - Kinetic Energy
      - Thermal Energy
      - Calories/calories
      - Specific Heat
      - Heat of Vaporization
    - - Solute
      - Solution
      - hydrophilic
      - Hydrophobic
- - - - Radiometric Dating
      - Half-Life
    - - Electrons
      - Protons
      - Neutrons
    - - Carbon
      - Hydrogen
      - Oxygen
      - Nitrogen
    - - Calcium
      - Sulfur
      - Potassium
      - Phosphorus
  - - - Nonpolar
      - Polar
      - Van der Waal
- - - - Glycolysis
        
        Glucose -------> 2 Pyruvate + H20
        
        Cytoplasm
        
        2-ATP
      - Oxidative Phosphorylation
        
        Electron Transport Chain
        
        Proton Motive Force
        
        ATP Synthesis
        
        Chemiosmosis
        
        32-36 ATP
        
        Mitochondria
        
        1/2 O2 + H+ -----> H2O
      - Citric Acid Cycle
        
        Pyruvate / Acetyl CoA------> CO2
        
        2 ATP
        
        Mitochondria
      - Electron Carriers
        
        NAD+/NADH
        
        FAD/FADH_2
    - - ETC + Non-O2
- - - - Gene Therapy
        
        Retroviral Vector
      - Pharmaceutical Products
      - Pharm Animal Protein Production
        
        Transgenic Genes
      - Forensic Evidence
        
        Genetic Profiles
        
        STRs
      - Environmental Cleanup
      - GMOs
    - - Dideoxy Chain Termination
        
        Next Generation
        
        Third Generation
      - Nucleic Acid Probe
        
        In Stu Hybridization
      - RT-PCR
        
        cDNA
      - DNA Microarray Assays
      - RNA-Seq
      - Genome Wide Association Studies
        
        SNP
    - - Plasmids
        
        Cloning Vector
        
        Expression Vector
      - Recombinant DNA
      - Restriction Enzymes
        
        Restriction Site
      - Restriction Fragment
    - - Taq Polymerase
        
        Pfu Polymerase
      - Denaturation
      - Annealing
      - Termination
    - - In Vitro Mutagenesis
      - CRISPR Cas-9 System
        
        Gene Drive
      - RNAi
    - - Plants
        
        Totipotent
      - Animals
        
        Nuclear Transplantation
        
        Stem Cells
        
        Adult
        
        Embryonic
        
        Pluripotent