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Photosynthesis, Hydrogen ions (+), electrons, and oxygen come from water…

- - - - Creates high energy and stable carbohydrates
        
        Used by plants for functions such as making compounds, sugars, amino acids, and lipids.
        
        All help the plant function and grow
        
        Higher energy carbohydrates stay within the cycle
      - Creates molecules with 3 carbon atoms
        
        ATP and NADPH energize the carbon molecules
        
        Once they are used, they turn back into ADP and NADP+ and return back to the Thylakoid.
        
        Some carbon leaves to create compounds, while other stays to continue the Calvin Cycle.
        
        Part of the ATP energy is used to turn the 3 carbon atom molecules that stay back into 5-carbon atom molecules.
- - - - Excited electrons can't keep energy for long, so a carrier molecule is used (NAPD+) to move them around
        
        NADP+ Bonds with a hydrogen+ Ion and 2 of the high energy electrons to create NADPH
        
        Water is broken down to it's base elements using enzymes. Hydrogen is used for NAPDH, electrons are used for energy storage, and oxygen is released as a byproduct (See photosynthesis formula on left)
- - - - Liquid filled space around Grana called Stroma (Like Cytoplasm)
    - - Energy from the sunlight and stored in the electron
    - - Photosystems have their own pigments that work like chlorophyll (take in energy and add it to electrons, charging them)
        
        Photosystem II's pigments create high energy electrons using light energy.
        
        These are then passed down the Electron Transport Chain, made up of carrier proteins
        
        Energy from electrons is used to move Hydrogen+ ions into the thylakoid
        
        The more light energy the plant obtains, the faster rate photosynthesis occurs
        
        As H+ cannot move outside of the thylakoid, a protein called ATP Synthase is used. When H+ passes through ATP Synthase, it forces it to move and adds a phosphate group to ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and turns it into ATP (Adenosine TRIphosphate)
        
        Moving the ions causes the electrons to lose some of their energy
        
        Photosystem I also captures light and by the time the electrons reach it through the electron transport chain they are reenergized with more light energy. They then move through another electron transport chain and go on to create NADPH.
        
        ATP Synthase gets its energy through the concentration gradient created through the positive charge of the Thykaloid insides (H+ ions) and negative charges of the outsides (electrons).