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Ideology and the nature of state - Coggle Diagram
Ideology and the nature of state
What role did ideology play in Castro’s rise to power before 1959?
Nationalism and cubiana
Cubania
Collective national interests of CUba
Socio economic modernisation in Cuban terms
Inspiration from the more radical version of Cuban nationalism
Manifestos
First manifesto
Manifesto of the revolutionaries of Moncada to the Nation
23 July 1953
Independence from foreign control
Social justice on economic and industrial modernisation
Restoration of the 1940 constitution
Second manifesto
"History will absolve my speech"
16 October 1953
Agrarian reforms
Rent reductions
Industrial development
Expansion of healthcare and education
Control of public utilities
12 March of 1958 Manifesto: Help prepare for the unsuccessful 9 April general strike
Caracas pact manifesto: Agrarian reforms but contained no radical socialist policies
Did Castro become a communist after 1959?
Soviet Connection
In April 1963, Castro and other leaders went to the USSR as they were invited by Khruschev
Castro stayed until June negotiating
He revisited and promised peaceful co-existence
Relation cooled when in 1967 Castro attacked communist governments for trading with countries that applied a trade embargo against CUba
Therefore the USSR delayed trading oil agreements with Cuba
Cuba started facing economic difficulties
No more oil, and debts to the USSR
The Soviet command economy model of modernisation suited the Cuban leaders, They saw industrialization in the USSR as a way of making a fairer society
Did USA make Castro a communist?
After Batista, Manuel Urrutia was president since January 1959: He made a cabinet with people of the 26 July movement
On June 1959, after an agrarian reform, the US wanted to overthrow Castro: This made Castro establish links with other countries (USSR)
In June 1959 Guevara visited countries to expand Cuban sugar market
The USSR became a huge trade partner
1 million sugar tonnes per year and provided $100 million credit for purchase of plant and equipment
In February 1960, Anastas Mikoyan (USSR deputy premier) established this link
In January 1960, a plan presented by the CIA to Eisenhower to overthrow Castro
1960 sabotages
4 March a French ship carrying Belgian small arms blown up
In February, crude oil started arriving from the USSR (Cheaper than US oli)
USA companies refused to refine this oli. So, Castro nationalised oil in June 1960
In July, USA left Cuba with 700.000 tones of unsold sugar
On 6 August Castro nationalised all main US properties
In September all US owned businesses and banks were nationalised
In November USA imposed an embargo on all exports to Cuba
Bay of Pigs
In March 1960, Eisenhower approved an undercover plan to remove Castro (The Bay of Pigs)
The CIA placed training camps in Guatemala and in November he had an army to attack Castro
Two air attacks will hit Cuban bases to protect the troops that were going to invade Cuba in an area named the Bay of Pigs
The operation happened in April 1961 under the power of Kennedy
It was a failure for the US because Castro was not removed
Cuban Missile crisis
July 1962
Soviet advisors advise Castro that they are going to suffer another attack by the USA and they recommended him to have missiles on the island
America prepares for another invasion by training in the Caribbean
September 1962: First nuclear missile arrives secretly to Cuba
April 1962: America placed missiles in Turkey
14 October 1962: U2 spy planes from the US are thrown to Cuba
22 October 1962: Kennedy announces the discovery of Cuban Missiles and he decides to quarantine the island
23 October 1962: Kennedy prepares air force
26 October 1962: Khrushchev sent a letter saying that they would retire the missiles if the US didn’t invade Cuba
28 October 1962: Khrushchev announce the return of missiles
After the Naval blockade of Kennedy, and negotiations, Khrushchev (USSR leader) retired the missiles from Cuba and USA retired them from Turkey
Why were the missiles in Cuba?
Castro feared another attack from kennedy
Since May 1962, the USSR helped Cuba military: Tanks, aircraft and increased its troops to 42.000
What is the Nature of Cuba´s Castroist state
Cuba and democracy
Before Castro, people were really angry with corrupt government and negotiations with USA
When he came to power he stated: First the revolution, then elections
Despite a one party communist or socialist state until 1992, the government was also populist
Constitutions and elections
Isaac Saney argued that the formal socialist democracy had four elements, Political participation, economic quality, the merging of civil and political society and the mandat imperatit (Representatives must listen to voters)
Balfour argues that nothing changed with this constitution, First meeting of the New National assembly was in December 1976
Citizens and mass organizations nominated candidates
The 1976 Constitution and Poder popular
Poder popular after 1992
The 1992 reforms made Cuban people able to be more participate in politics
National assembly chooses the Council of state
Influence of Communist party was reduced
At the provincial and national levels there are candidacy commision made up of representatives
There are no political campaigns
One month before the elections, the biographies of candidates are published
There was no legislative body from 1959 to 1976
The 1992 constitution
Approved by July 1992
First election in February 1993
Direct vote for elections of the National and provincial assemblies