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Feline Retroviruses :cat: :Viral Infections of Hematopoietic System -…
Feline Retroviruses :cat: :Viral Infections of Hematopoietic System
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
lentivirus
transmission
bites
casual contact not sufficient
virus is fragile in environment
pathogenesis
long asymptomatic phase
<9y usual
2mo-18y
virus infects B-cells, T-cells, macrophages
B-cells proliferate
swollen LNs
reverse CD4:CD8 ratios
immunodeficiency
leads to opportunisitic infections
B-cell lymphomas
diagnosis
ELISA SNAP
Abs
false + risk
Western Blot
confirmatory test
:sports_medal:
who should be tested?
sick animals
new pets
house cats w/ unknown FIV status
cats with potential to be exposed
prevention
keep cats indoors
avoid unknown cat contact
test regularly
bring outdoor cats inside at night
neuter/spay
vaccination controversial
once vaccinated, can't tell difference between infection and vaccination
prognosis
not bad
management
high protein diet
aggressively treat secondary infections
may not become ill at all
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
characteristics
most susceptible
young cats
male cats
outdoor cats
strains
A/B
C
T
transmission
saliva
blood
urine
feces
not stable in environment
contracted through grooming and fighting
vertical transmission through milk
dose req'd is high
pathogenesis stages
infection of lymphs and monos
infection of systemic lymphoid tissues
most cats will mount an immune rxn and clear it at this point
60% of cats stop here
bone marrow infection
persistent FeLV infection
point of no return
infected neutrophils and platelets released from bone marrow
infection of systemic epithelial cells
salivary glands
tear glands
urinary bladder
diagnostics
protective immunity v active immunity
ELISA
detects protein p27 Ag
detects stages 2-6
almost 100% sensitivity
if healthy and positive
test again in 6-8w
differentiates cats in early stages fr/ cats in 4+ stage
indirect immunofluorescence
detects p27 in WBC and platelets
positive tests means cat is in stage 4
specific, less sensitive
false negatives
positive on ELISA, negative on IF
50% develop disease
treat as potentially infectious
prevention and control
vaccines
vaccinate outdoor cats
:warning: vaccine-induced sarcoma
not 100% effective
management
test and remove
screen new cats
vaccinate
isolate for 3mo
general aspects of hematopoietic viruses
viremia types
may be cell free or cell associated
primary viremia
initial spread from first site of infection
secondary
when virus has replicated in blood tissues
higher virus shedding
higher virus titer
active
caused by replication of viruses introducing virus to the bloodstream
passive
intro of virus w/o replication
examples
mosquito inoculation
physical breaches
blood contact
effects
immunosuppression
immunodeficiency
cancers
lymphomas
leukemias
immune-mediated pathology