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Biomolecules - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Amino acids are linked through peptide bonds to form polypeptides
        
        A molecule must have a least one polypeptide to be considered biologically functional
    - - Primary Structure: a protein's unique sequence of amino acids
        
        Secondary Structure: coils and folds in the polypeptide chain. There are 2 types - the protein can coil into an alpha helix or fold back and forth to form beta pleated sheets
        
        Tertiary Structure: determined by interactions among R groups
        
        Quarternary Structure: results from interactions between many polypeptide chains, only occurs when the protein has at least two polypeptide chains
      - Sickle-Cell Disease is a blood disorder that can be caused by even a single amino acid change in a protein hemoglobin
  - - - Factors that can cause a change in protein structure include a change in pH, salt concentration, and temperature
- - - - Nitrogenous bases have 2 groups: purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine, cytosine, and uracil). Adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine (or uracil in RNA) and cytosine forms bonds with guanine
  - - - The 2 backbones of DNA run in opposite directions (creating the double helix shape) --> this is called an antiparallel arrangement
- - - - Purpose: to store energy
      - Made up of glycerol and fatty acids: 3 fatty acids bond with glycerol to create a triglyceride
        
        Glycerol is a 3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon. A fatty acid is a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
        
        2 types of fatty acids
        
        Saturated fatty acids: have the maximum # of hydrogen atoms possible --> no double bonds, saturated fat is solid at room temperature. Most animals have saturated fat
        
        Unsaturated fatty acids: have at least one double bond. Unsaturated fat is liquid at room temperature. Most plant and fish have unsaturated fat.
      - Hydrophobic, because water molecules hydrogen bond to each other and exclude fats
    - - Made up of 2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate group attacked to glycerol head - fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, phosphate group head is hydrophilic
        
        When phospholipids are in water, they form a phospholipid bilayer, which protects the cell from the external environment
    - - They are characterized by a carbon skeleton made up of 4 rings
        
        EX: Cholesterol is an important steroid, especially in animals. However, too much cholesterol can lead to health problems