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Social Beliefs and Judgements - Coggle Diagram
Social Beliefs and Judgements
The Attribution Theory
How we explain our own and
other's behaviors
We attribute behavior to internal
or external factors
Internal Factors:
Hold individual responsible for actions
Culture and Attribution
West focuses on internal factors
East focuses on external factors
The Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency of observers to blame others behaviors on internal factors while disregarding external factors
Blame on personality instead of situation
Culture and FAE
Only fundamental in the western world
The emphasis on individual freedom and autonomy
teaches us to prefer internal factors
The Western world views social behaviour as driven by personality, traits, and stable characteristic
Leads Westerners to make the Fundamental
attribution error frequently
collectivist cultures emphasize and value group membership, interdependence, and conformity to group norms, they prefer
They still make the FAE but much less
The Actor-Observer Difference
Mainly applies to attributions we make about others and does not apply to ourselves
The tendency to see other's behaviors as dispositonally caused while seeing our own behvaiour as situationally caused
We tend to attribute our behaviours to the situation because we know how much the situation has affected us
Caused by the
perceptual salience phenomenon
Actors notice their situation which causes them to act a certain way which then leads to an external attribution
Actors have more information about themselves and the situation and thus can draw conclusions about their behavior
Observers notice the actors which leads to an internal attribution
Observers are unsure of situational information and thus cannot say if the behavior is characteristic of the person of not
Culture and the A-O bias
Mainly seen in Western cultures
Implicit Personality Theory
a type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together
Example: If someone is kind, they are also generous
Use small bits of information to draw a large picture about a person
Gladwell's life changed when he went from having short curly hair to long curly hair
He was viewed in a more harsh perspective and more criminal when he had long hair even though he was the same person
We use this theory to help us get a complete view of a person using very little information quickly
Theory can be risky when used in certain situations like when to use a condom or if a stranger is safe
Kelley's Covariation Model
Believed that when people are determining the causes of other's behavior they approach it as a scientist would
In order to attribute the cause of a person's behaviour, we note the pattern between presence of possible casual factors and if the behaviour occured or not
Three types of information
Consistency
The degree to which the actor performs the behavior toward an object on different occasions
Distinctiveness
The degree to which the actor performs behaviors with different objects
Consensus
the degree to which other actors perform the same behaviour with the same object
Memories
Our preconceived notions influence how we interpret and remember events
People will remember words on a list that were not there if they associate to the words that were there
Our memory is unreliable and tricks us into remembering situations wrongly
Judging others and Ourselves
The overconfidence phenomenon
we have more confidence than we should in the accuracy of our beliefs
We think we are right more often than we actually are
Heuristics
Strategies that help us make social judgements quickly and with little mental effort
Availability heuristic saves us time and effort but also leads to overgeneralization
Counterfactual thinking
imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but did not
Thinking about the "what ifs"
Upward counterfactuals
Imagined outcomes that are better than reality
Help prepare future outcomes by avoiding reoccurring negative outcomes
Downward Counterfactuals
Imagined outcomes are worse than reality
Make you feel better by comparing a less desirable reality to your reality
Fufilling self prophecy
When people know what other's like, it can influence their behaviours towards that person
This causes a spiral effect...
If i act cold because I think you are rude, then you will be less friendly because I am acting cold
The Pygmalion Effect
The Four factor explanation
Input
Teachers seem to teach both more material and harder material to their "special students"
Output
Teachers appear to give these students more opportunities to respond
Both verbal and non-verbal
Climate
Teachers appear to create a warmer environment for their "Special students"
This is non-verbal
Feedback
Teachers seem to give these students more important and helpful feedback
Both verbally and non-verbally