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Ch. 8 Vitamins Required for Calcified Structures - Coggle Diagram
Ch. 8 Vitamins Required for Calcified Structures
water soluble
Includes B-vitamins and vitamin C
• Organic substances
• B-vitamins contain nitrogen
• Act as coenzymes
• Readily absorbed in jejunum
• Body stores very small amounts - Daily intake is necessary
vitamin C
groups at potential risk of nutritional deficiencies
periods of rapid growth
pregnancy
physiologic stress
lactation
polypharmacy
infants, children, and adolescents
excessive caffeine use
medical conditions causing:
inadequate use
excessive excretion
inadequate absorption
destruction
smokers
physical stress
inadequate intake
surgery
alcoholics
accidents
chronic disease state
disease
vegans
burns
impoverished, low income
fever
older adults
deficiencies
primary: A nutritional deficiency as a result of decreased intake
secondary: A vitamin deficiency caused by inadequate absorption or use, increased requirements,
excretion, or destruction
fat soluble
Soluble in fat or fat solvents
• Fairly stable in heat, as in cooking
• Organic substances (contain carbon)
• Absorbed in intestine along with fats and lipids in foods
• Require bile for absorption
• Transported via the lymphatic system
• Stored in liver and adipose tissues
vitamin A, D, E, K
Vitamin A
Classes
Retinoids: In animal products
Carotenoids: In fruits and vegetables
physiologic roles
Vision in dim light
Growth: Cell differentiation (DNA/RNA synthesis), bone, tooth development
Integrity of skin, mucous membranes
Maintenance of immune function
Cancer prevention
requirements
Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin A is 900 μg retinol activity equivalent (RAE) for men; 700 μg RAE for women
Tolerable intake is 3000 μg RAE per day
sources
Milk
Cheese
Liver
Butter
vitamin D
Called a vitamin, but more appropriately classified as a hormone
physiologic roles
Enhances intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption
May be involved in cells in hematopoiesis (the formation of red blood cells), the skin, cardiovascular function, and immune response
sources
sunlight
foods
Fish liver oils
Fatty fish
Fortified foods
Milk (10 mcg [400 IU] per quart)
Cereals
Orange juice
supplements
vitamin E
physiologic roles
Enhances release of a prostaglandin that inhibits the aggregation of platelets, enhances vasodilation and immune response
Antioxidants
Protects polyunsaturated fats in phospholipid cell membranes
Prevents oxidation of fatty acids and vitamins A and C
• Anticoagulant
sources
Vegetable oils, especially soybean oil
• Unprocessed cereal grains or fortified cereals
• Nuts and seeds
• Wheat germ
• Green leafy vegetables
• Some fruits, such as apples, apricots, and peaches
vitamin K
physiologic roles
Naturally occurring vitamins are K1 (phylloquinone), in green plants, and K2 (menaquinone) formed by Escherichia coli bacteria in the large intestine
• Functions
Coenzyme for proteins involved in bone crystalline formation
Catalyst for synthesis of blood-clotting factors
sources
Green leafy vegetables
Meats
vitamin c
physiologic roles
Coenzyme in hydroxylation of proline for hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis
Promotes capillary integrity
Enhances iron absorption
Aids in utilization of folic acid and vitamin B12
Coenzyme function in metabolism of amino acids and biosynthesis of bile acids, thyroxine, epinephrine, and steroid hormones
Antioxidant
sources
Citrus fruits
Tomatoes
Raw, leafy vegetables
Strawberries
Potatoes and sweet potatoes