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Review/Summary - Coggle Diagram
Review/Summary
DNA
The DNA structure is a double helix this was discovered over a span of years by a couple of smart people ( scientists)
James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin.
The DNA Structure is made up of genes that are made up of chromosomes. DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base. The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). This is all in a double helix formation.
As I said the discovery of the double helix to a long time and a lot of people. Rosalind Franklin took photo X depicting the structure of the double helix. As her and her lab partner were doing this another pair consisting of two men were doing the same. They had gotten a hold of Photo X and was also in the midst of publishing their data. Sadly, the pair of men, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins got to it first. A very short period of time later Rosalind and Co. published their work. This was labeled as a copy of the previously published work. The two (rosalind and co.) threatened to sue. So they shared the "victory". Rosalind died shortly after the book double helix was published. Winning the three men a nobel prize. She was not in any way shape or form mentioned or thanked for her service to the discovery where without it they would be nowhere.
The structure of DNA helps it achieve it's function by its ability to copy itself during cell division, by splitting into 2 single strands. They form exact copies of the DNA. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
It is important for scientists to work together because together you have someone to keep pushing you and you will all have new ideas which means without working together you may miss something fundamental, meaning you might get proven wrong and that would be embarrassing. It's also good for nerds to socialise ( or so they say )
Antibiotics
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Alexander Flemming
Alexander Flemming was a scientist in the late 1890s and early 1900s, he is most well known for his discovery of penicillin. It is still used to this day and may be one of the medical world's biggest discoveries.
Flemming made the discovery of penicillin completely by mistake. He had just come back to his lab after a 2 week holiday. When he came back he realised he had forgotten to put on of the petri dishes with bacteria in the incubator. When he studied it closer he realised that bacteria had engulfed the mold. This realisation became the basis of penicillin. For many years penicillin was just a lab experiment but when the second world war came around mass production of penicillin came a foot. This was because it was used against deep wound infections.
Antibiotics, also known as antibacterials, are medications that destroy or slow down the growth of bacteria. They include a range of powerful drugs and are used to treat diseases caused by bacteria. Antibiotics cannot treat viral infections, such as cold, flu, and most coughs.
Effectiveness of antibiotics can be tested by using different doses on the same disease in different patients.
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Vaccine
Vaccines are used to make sure that you don't get a disease. It uses dead/weak version of the disease and when you inject it the antibodies know what to do and then you are immune to the disease.
It is important to study the spread of a disease and/or virus so that you know how quickly it spreads and how it spreads from one person to another. Watching it spread also makes it easier to realise connections between other viruses or when a virus mutates.
Edward Jenner was a scientist in the 1780's and 90's and he
was the person who discovered the first vaccine. He studied the spread of small pox and cow pox and realised that the milkmaids that had had cow pox couldn't get small pox because the immune system adapted. He used the pus from a milkmaid who had had cow-pox and then injected it into a little boy. The boy was now immune. This is illegal now but this was how the first vaccine was made and it was how we figured out that using dead/weak viruses made you immune.
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur was a scientist in the 1880's he discovered the vaccine for anthrax. He used Jenner's idea about vaccines and vaccinations to do research about the deadly disease anthrax. When he didn't make progress he worked on another disease. He had left out a petree dish. Louis Pasteur was a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of diseases, and his discoveries have saved many lives ever since. He reduced mortality from puerperal fever and created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
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Vaccines are very useful for protection against spreading diseases. This is because vaccines are actually just dead a very weak pathogens and antigens made into a vaccine. It is injected and then the body knows how to fight the disease. Many newer vaccines are generated to produce/ speed up the production of T-lymphocytes memory cells.
Immunity
To become immune from a disease you either have to get the disease, vaccine or herd immunity.
Herd immunity is the act of having a large part of a community get the disease or vaccine. So if you are that one person who hasn't gotten the disease (I'm looking at you Karen) then you won't be able to get the disease because everyone around you is IMMUNE ( get yourself vaccinated you disgusting anti vaxxer ).
One method to create immunity, other than herd immunity is by obtaining the disease and then going through the whole process of the antibodies attacking and creating T-lymphocytes/memory cells.
One disadvantage of vaccines is that you never know if the virus will mutate meaning you need another vaccine. Making the one you got kind of pointless. Though this most commonly happens for the common flu or a cold and that's why we don't get vaccines for things like that. An advantage is that you are now immune to the disease and even though it might mutate slightly the body will still bounce back. This was found when jenner found the vaccine for small pox. The people who had had cow pox couldn't get small pox because they so closely resembled each other.
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Charles Darwin
On the Galapagos Islands today there are 13 species of closely related finches. The birds are all about the same size (10–20 cm). The most important differences between species are in the size and shape of their beaks, and the beaks are highly adapted to different food sources. The birds are all brownish or black. Their behaviour differs, and they have different song melodies. The current belief by scientists is that one species of finch arrived on the islands and evolved to fill the many niches that were not being filled by other birds. One species evolving to fill many different niches is an example of adaptive radiation.
In August 2006 in the Journal Nature, a group led by Harvard biologist Clif Tabin showed that the beak shapes of Darwin's finches are due to slightly different timing and spatial expressions of a gene called calmodulin. Calmodulin is used by the developing embryo to help lay down skeletal features (including the beak) and using microarray data and early embryo staining from each of the species, this groups could show how the different beak shapes were obtained. His article does not explain how adaptive radiation may have changed calmodulin expression, only that this was the way that the beak changes were reached.
Extinction
Extinction is when a species dies out. Biology. the act or process of becoming extinct; a coming to an end or dying out: the extinction of a species. Psychology. the reduction or loss of a conditioned response as a result of the absence or withdrawal of reinforcement.