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GCSE History Cold War 🇷🇺⚔️🇺🇸 - Coggle Diagram
GCSE History Cold War 🇷🇺⚔️🇺🇸
(⚔️) Origins & WWII 1941-1945
Conferences
Potsdam (Jul 1945)
Agreements
N
azi party was officially banned by both countries during this conference 🚫
U
SSR to get land from Poland and Poland was to be compensated 🇵🇱
D
ivision of Germany was finalized 🇩🇪
E
nemy was defeated so there was no longer a common opposition 👤
Disagreements
R
eparations payments were demanded by Stalin while the UK and allais didn't want to bancurpt Germany again 💰
A
tom bomb had now been dropped in Japan 💥
P
oland had had a communist government set up by Stalin and no free elections had been held 🗳️
Was set up to finalise the end of war arrangements
Yalta (Feb 1945)
Agreements
S
phere of influence that Stalin wanted was given the go-ahead ⭕
UN
(United Nations) was set up and both sides agreed to join 🇺🇳
B
erlin was to be divided the same as Germany 🇩🇪
E
lections would be held liberated countries 🗳️
D
ivision of Germany and Berlin was further discussed ➗
S
talin agreed to join the war against Japan 🇯🇵
Disagreements
R
eparations - Stalin expected to be paid for his losses in the war but the West didn't want to make Germany pay 💰
A
titudes - Stalin wanted to keep Germany weak so they wouldn't be a threat while the West was eager for them to rebuild 🏗️
G
overnment - Stain wanted a communist friendly government in Poland 🤝
This was set up to discuss the end of the war in Europe and how they are going to end it in Japan
Tehran (Nov 1943)
Agreements
L
and from Germany to be handed to the USSR 🗺️
O
rganisations like the United Nations would be set up 🇺🇳
O
cupation zones would be set up in Germany 🇩🇪
S
second Front in Europe would be opened up by opened by the Western allais 2️⃣
The main reason for this conference was to discuss the opening of a second front
(🔚) End Of The Cold War And Fall Of The Soviet Union 1980s
Gorbachev
New thinking
Perestroika
The idea with Perestroika was to help reform the Soviet union in order to improve its economy and help people rebuild trust in their government
Perestroika also included economic reforms including bringing in some elements of a capitalist society
Glastnost
This included reforms that would allow greater openness in the Soviet Union with freedom to criticise the government
One of the largest changes was to scrap the Brezhnev doctrine. This would be replaced by the Sinatra Doctrine - named after the song 'My Way' which allowed countries to rule themselves without intervention from the Soviets
He believed that by openness could make them better and they required reform in order to increase trade with the west. This was so desperately needed as the Soviet economy was crippled.
In Dec 1988, the Brezhnev Doctrine was withdrawn and in August the following year, Hungary opened its boarders to east Germans. In November the Berlin wall falls and then in December Communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romaina
After the grip of the eastern bloc was released all of them non communist governments came to power with only one violent revolution
In 1985, Gorbachev became the new leader of the Soviet union and was to become its last.
Many people argued that by implementing the reforms that he had proposed they would be admitting capitalism had won however he defended his reforms suggesting that they would make socialism stronger
Gorbachev did have some floors though, he was very slow to implement democratic election in the country and he also tried hard to cover up the massive failing at Chernobyl
Summits
Reykjavik (October 1986)
There was agreement that there was a need to reduce the number of nuclear weapons
They disagreed however about Regan's SDI which would involve using space to defend American soil with the help of satellites
The talks continued between diplomats and they came up with the INF treaty. This was a treaty to eradicate Intermediate Range Nuclear missiles and would be signed by both sides in Washington
Fall of the Berlin wall
Since 1989, demands for greater freedom had been growing louder in East Germany. Eric Honecker was then forced to resign after receiving no assurance from Gorbachev that he would help deal with the protests. He was then replaced by a more moderate leader.
After Hungary had become more democratic, it became possible for people to travel to the west that way. This meant there was little merit in continued enforcement of the Berlin wall and, on the 9th November, it was announced that travel restrictions would be lifted
Significance
In many ways, it gave momentum for the further thawing of the Cold war and agreements such as the CFE treaty were signed
Breakup of the Soviet Union
Following the disbanding of the Warsaw pact, the Soviet Union followed shortly after.
Reasons for this were that Glastnost and Perestroika were not working properly, in fact, the Soviet economy was performing worse than ever and living standards fell too.
Many republics wished for independence and, despite a new constitution giving them more independence, they wished to become independence
On Christmas day 1991, the Soviet was disbanded by Gorbachev and he announced his resignation
Why?
It was hard to sell Communism when Capitalism looked so much better
The war in Afghanistan had come at a huge cost to the Soviets draining their economy even further than before
Computing revolution in the USA was never allowed in the Soviet union as they feared what people could do with computers
Freedom in Eastern Bloc countries with freedom didn't really exist because the entire reason for their existence was because of force and repression
The USSR became a commonwealth of independent states however this quickly broke apart as many countries seceded.
This meant that the cold war had ended as the Soviet Union no longer existed
Second Cold War
Ronald Reagan was very anti communist was a bad sign for relations.
His Evil empire speech is widely considered as an act of aggression
The United States had recovered for us defeat in Afghanistan and was now ready to try again to stop or even roll back Communism
They began ramping up military spending again as Regan had a new theory to replace MAD. The Americans had formulated a plan to set up satellites in space which, through the use of lasers and mirrors, would be able to destroy incoming ICBMs
This damaged relations further as it would mean the Soviets were no longer protected from American strikes through MAD. It would also violate the outer space treaty leading to further distrust
The USSR on the other hand has a terrible economy and it's technology was aging quickly. They were also busy trying to quell uprisings in Eastern Europe
Causes of growing tensions
Olympic boycotts
Star Wars
The war that was still going on in Afghanistan
Breakdown of SALT2
Shooting of US airplane KALOO7 over Russia
(🇩🇪) Berlin
Refugee Crisis
The economy in the Western sector of Berlin was booming thanks to the economic aid from the Marshall plan. This lead to nearly 2000 people per day defecting for the West.
On 12th August 1961 a rescue 2,400 people crossed the border. This prompted action from the Soviets as they decided that could no longer continue losing people at this rate. It was decided that a border wall would be erected to forceably keep people of of West Berlin
Problems:
😾 Brain drain from Eastern Berlin where skilled laborers would emigrate to the West where income was better
😾 People become more familiar with the freedom afforded by Capitalism
😾 Propaganda disaster as people preferred Capitalism
Berlin Blockade 1948-49 🚧
The Soviets really wanted the Americans, British and French to leave their occupation zones in West Berlin. This would solve the refugee problem as people wouldn't have a Western area to go into. He would then control his entire sector
The Soviets hoped that by cutting supply lines into Berlin, the West Berliners would feel abandoned and surrender themselves to Communism 🏳️
Berlin Airlift 1948-49 ✈️
Having now adopted a new policy of containment, it would be huge loss for Berlin to fall to Communism. Instead, it was decided that supplies would be flown into Berlin via the dedicated and corridors. This was code named operation Vittel but is more commonly known as the Berlin airlift
In order to sustain the city 6 thousand metric tonnes of material were needed every single day however many days was amounts far in excess of this
People saw the pilots as heroes fighting for their freedom.
Planes are required to land every 3 mins in order to sustain required supply chain
Outcomes
The Propaganda victory in the West vs. the resounding failure in the Soviet Union further increased rivalry
The Western side felt more United than ever as the West. This eventually lead to the creation of FDR and GDR
Stain eventually relinquished his blockade after 318 days
Under the pretext of doing maintenance, all road and rail lines through East Berlin are closed to all traffic🛑
Bizonia▶️Trizonia▶️FRG & GDR
Bizonia: In 1947 the British and Americans decided to combine their occupation zones into start was known as Bizonia.
Bizonia also had a good relationship with the French zone so they soon combined to form Trizonia.
As Trizonia, the sides started to develop Trizonia as an independent entity. They set up an assembly, Constitution and introduced a new currency directly tied to the USD
Stalin was studied by this was he was opposed to the permanent division of Germany. He didn't want any more American influence in Germany agreed he worried that Germany's economic resources could be used against him
In may 1949 the Western allies formally declared a new sovereign state called the Federal Republic Germany. The new state had its own parliament, the Bundestag, and a brand new chancellor - Konrad.
In October 1949 the Soviets mirrored this move with creation of the German Democratic Republic
(🚀)Cuban Missile Crisis - 1962
Revolution
Prior the the Cuban Revolution, Cuba was under the rule of a pro-American and very corrupt government. Lots of US owned buisneses meant great opportunities for Americans and tourists however local people were treated terribly
This lead people to have their own Socialist revolution to remove the corrupt government and its leader Batista and replace it with their new leader Castro.
Following the establishment of the new government, the USA severed all diplomatic ties and refused to recognise the new government.
This then lead to the Cuban government building up new relations with the Communists in the USSR who began to engage in economic activities including a deal to buy Cuban sugar. This caused a further deterioration of the Cuba-USA relationship
Bay of Pigs
The CIA convinced Kennedy that they could use Cuban exiles to stage an invasion of Cuba, start another revolution and re-establish American control while not getting directly involved
The invasion took place on 17th April 1961 however was a massive fail.
Planes that were supposed to provide air support were photographed and identified as American
Castro already had intelligence suggesting that the invasion would happen so he had the 1400 exiles met with 20000 troops. This ended up as a masacre
A further issue was that the USA was relying on Cubans to join the exiles and help overthrow Castro. Unfortunately, they did not like the old regime and certainly didn't want Batista back so were not sympathetic at all
The entire audeal was a huge humiliation for the USA as they had previously accused the soviet union of spreading communist while they were doing this themselves
The incident lead to closer ties to the Soviet Union including for defence purposes
Thirteen Days
In November 1962, a U2 spy plane photographed missile sites being constructed in Cuba. This lead to widespread panic in the USA as they learned they were in range of the Soviet missiles
Kennedy's advisors formed into two parties - the HAWS and the DOVES with the Doves advocating peace at all costs while the HAWKS wanted to strike while they could.
On 22nd August, Kennedy decided to impose a naval blockade (calling it a quarantine to circumvent international restrictions). He hoped that he would not have to sink the ships, knowing that to do so would be an act of war
The ships grew ever closer and the world watched in horror, expecting confrontation to erupt at any moment. In fact however, they reached the blockade line and turned round.
Kennedy then received a telegram from Khrushchev offering to remove the missiles. He ignored it
Khrushchev then sent another message but this time demanding the removal of US missiles from Tukey.
Eventually an agreement was reached that would mean missiles would be removed from Cuba however the USA would also secretly remove their missiles from Turkey
Consequences
Both sides tested each others limits and proved it was possible to collaborate to prevent nuclear war
The Russians proved their place as a super power as they were able to threaten the USA
In June of 1963, a hotline was set up between the White House and Kremlin. This was in order to allow immediate and unaltered discussion in the event of an emergency
Test Ban Treaty was set up in order to help reduce the development of new weapons. This included prevention of testing in space, underwater and on land
July 1968 saw the signing of the nuclear non proliferation treaty which prevented the superpowers from supplying nuclear arms to other countries
The outer space treaty was signed in 1967 which prevented space from being claimed or militarised by any nation
(🇨🇿) Prague Spring 1968-1969
Pre-Reform Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia after WWII had a pro-Communist, pro-Soviet government set up in the country following rigged elections. They also had many non-Communists purged
While initially Czechoslovakia served as a model satellite state with its people enjoying greater quality of life, it soon fell to Economic decline as it kept producing resources (e.g. Steel) for the Soviets despite them being desperately needed at home
The people grew increasingly unhappy with their communist rule as their economic situation continued to decline. Fearing a civilian uprising, Brezhnev decided he would appease people by supporting a more popular leader and personal friend called Alexander Dubcek.
Dubcek
In January 1968 Dubcek rises to let after the Subjects withdraw their support for the old leader Novotny
Following his rise to power, Dubcek introduced new reforms that would afford people greater freedom while still being under Communism. This was a policy he called socialism with a human face
These reforms are now known as the Prague Spring it was during Spring of 1968 that people could enjoy the ability to speak of against Communism, visit the West and not fear action
The reforms included free press, no censorship, freedom of movement and more trade with the West. Crucially, they also included plans to hand over more control to a democratically elected parliament including non-Communists
Many Czechoslovakians welcomed these reforms enthusiastically with students and academics being particularly impressed
The reforms are not welcomed by all however, many feared it would bring about an end to Communism. Former members of the secret police also we're unhappy as they lost much of their former power
Soviet invasion
Although Dubcek was a close friend of Brezhnev, be decided that the reforms could not continue as they were as this may encourage the break up of more Eastern Bloc countries
In August 1968, thousands of Warsaw pact troops and takes entered Czechoslovakia and regained control without much opposition
Students and younger members of the communist party put up feeble resistance with confusion tactics and petrol bombs however they were no match for the Soviets and, after no military help came, only 100 people died before Prague was recaptured
After the Soviets arrived, Dubcek was arrested and Gustav Husak was put in charge. This was called by the Soviets 'normalisation'
Brezhnev doctrine
After re-establishing control in Czechoslovakia, the Brezhnev doctrine was created. This essentially granted the Soviets the ability to invade any countries if they weren't sticking to the Soviet style of Communism.
Communist countries that were not part of the Sphere of influence are quick to distance themselves from the Soviet Union so as to avoid being invaded themselves
This lead to fear in countries such as Poland that, despite huge public demand, did not dare attempt to gain greater freedom
The invasion strengthened control over the Eastern Bloc however also helped split the Communist world as some countries like Yugoslavia began to side with China in condemning the invasion. It also decreased influence in Europe as French and Italian Communist parties began cutting ties with the Soviets
In the West there was much outcry about the invasion yet they did not offer any military support for fear of sparking global conflict
(🇭🇺) Hungarian Uprising - 1956
Problems in Hungary
Soviet control had had a very negative impact on the country. The leader, Rakosi, called himself Stalin's best pupil but was also known by others as the bad butcher.
Food and industrial produce was studied from the country and taken to Russia
No freedoms were possible as opposition would be wiped out
Uprising
Causes
Destalinisation is being brought about in Russia through Khrushchev and his secret speech. During this speech, he hints that Soviet Control may begin to relax in the country
The changes to Soviet structuring and the end to Stalin made people think that Communism in Hungary may come to an end especially as troops had already withdrawn from Austria
In October, people began to demonstrate against the Communist government with statues of Stalin being pulled down and Communists attacked.
The uprising was triggered by the poor harvests that year
Nagy
The Soviets decided that they would allow a more popular, slightly more liberal leader come to power as replacement for Rakosi - this was Imre Nagy
Nagy proposed some new reforms to help improve Hungary while still keeping it Communist. These included:
Leaving the Warsaw pact and become an independent country
Hold free elections bringing an end to the single party state
UN protection from the Soviets
Unfortunately, Khrushchev was not happy with these reforms as he feared that by allowing Nagy to pull Hungary out of the Warsaw pact and gain independence would cause the domino effect with all other eastern European countries leading to the collapse of the buffer zone.
Invasion
On 4th November, the Soviets sent 200 thousand troops over the boarder to have Nagy removed from government
Hungarian Civilians who supported Nagy attempted to defend themselves against the troops however they had little hope of defeating the might of the Soviet army. Consequently, 5000 Hungarians lost their lives as well as 1000 Soviet troops
Imre Nagy was deposed from government then arrested, tried and executed. They them imposed a new leader called Janos Kadar who set to work re-establishing Soviet control in Hungary. While the policies were strict, his 15 Point Plan was less so than other Satellite states so Hungarians Grudgingly accepted
The Americans supported as much as they could with financial aid, medical aid and words however they were unable to intervene milliterraly as this would risk sparking Nuclear war between the two super powers
Krushchev was keen to use Nagy as a warning to other states that they could not get away with trying to break away from the soviet union
(💪) Arms Race
The arms race began after the break down of relations in 1945 however only began to intensify greatly because of the US development of the atomic bomb. There was a severe and competition as the Soviets tried rapidly to develop their own bomb. They managed this in 1949
In 1952, the hydrogen bomb was developed by the Americans closely followed by the Soviets
At the height of the arms race, during the Cuban missile crisis, both countries had hundreds of ballistic missiles and millions of military personnel
The Americans were often ahead in the and race due to their superior economy and technology
Due to espionage, of one side has a technology, usually the other would get it pretty quickly
The arms race helped to cripple the Soviet economy while trying to keep up with the Americans
SALT
While it was more taxing on the Soviet economy, it affected the American one too
SALT 1 was an agreement that limited the amount of ICBMs that could be held by each side. Both the Americans and The Society's were allowed 2 sites of ICMS each containing 100 missiles
SALT 2 has agreed further restrictions however was scrapped after the invasion of Afghanistan
The Americans hoped that their nuclear Supremicy could deter a Soviet attack
By the 1950s this has developed into a policy of mutually assured destruction which stated that it one person was to launch a nuclear weapon then both sides would launch so many ayelation would be guaranteed
(🔴vs.🔵) Capitalism v.s. Communism Fight For Supremacy
NATO & The Warsaw Pact
NATO was an alliance between the Americans and other Western capitalists formed in 1949 that ensured they would act together against the Soviets and the Communists
The formation of NATO showed the Eastern Bloc that the West would not tolerate any Soviet aggression and would stand together against it
This caused by the Soviet Union two turn their attention to cementing control in the Eastern Block
In 1955, following West Germany's entrance to NATO, the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries created their own alliance known as the Warsaw Pact. This meant that Europe was more firmly divided across the iron curtain
The Warsaw Pact have the Soviets direct control over the military of its satellite state this strengthening is grip over them
Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact were military alliances and prepared for an attack on one another
Cominform
Cominform was set up by Stalin with the aim to increase intelligence sharing between the Communist governments.
The core point was to increase Moscow's control over satellite states, ensuring any opposition was stamped out
Comecon
This was the council for mutual economic assistance and was Stalin's attempt to compete with the Martial Plan.
Is key idea was to build trade links within the Eastern Bloc and prevent Eastern Bloc countries from accepting Martial Aid
Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine was a plan set out by the President Harry Truman to use non-violent means to prevent Communism from spreading. This was known as containment
The way this was going to be implemented was through financial aid as richer countries are less likely to turn to Communism. This was brought into reality with the Martial Plan
This was a plan to give it millions of dollars to struggling economies
The Americans gave out $13billion to help struggling economies in Europe including Britain, France and Italy
The plan would also benefit America as countries had to trade with them in order to get the money
The Soviets criticised this as they claimed it was an attack on their control in Eastern Europe
The Domino theory stated that it one country feel to Communism, others would follow so the Americans wanted to prevent this at all costs
If people are so poor that had nothing to lose, they may be more likely to turn to Communism, which is bad. Therefore, giving them a place in the capitalist system can help prevent Communism
(🇦🇫) Afghanistan - 1989
Revolution
In 1978, a member of the People's Democratic [Communist] Party of Afghanistan was killed by the ruling government. This caused the PDPA to rise up and overthrow the government putting them in charge instead.
In May, Muhammad Taraki was appointed to president of Afghanistan and began to implement a Communist reform program.
The new reforms included plans to modernise infrastructure, education and land ownership. These plans were dubbed unislamic by fundamentalists.
After 18months in charge, the deputy prime minister Amin took power. Amin was known for being even more ruthless and passed more anti Islamic Lawes
Civil War
Amin's new reforms proved so unpopular that a civil War began to break out within the country with the Government backed military against the so called Mujahedeen who declared themselves to be fighting a holy war under orders from Allah
The Soviets saw the Afghans becoming too friendly with the Americans and wanted to ensure Afghanistan would remain part of the Soviet ecosystem so he proposed the Good Neighbours Treaty
This treaty was to prop up the unpopular Pro-Soviet government by providing economic assistance however importantly, it also allowed the Soviets to enter Afghanistan without permission of they felt the Afghans needed help
The Soviets were also supplying and to the military so they had great leverage over the Afghan government
Invasion
On Christmas Eve of 1979, the Soviet forces entered Afghanistan under the presence that they were requested by Amin
They then had Amin assassinated and replaced him with Babrak Kamal who was figurehead of the puppet government
Consequences
The Soviets remained in Afghanistan for 10 years but at a heavy cost. Their continued presence cost them $8 billion and the lives of 15,000 soldiers and 1.5 million civilians
Carter Doctrine is launched
This meant that trade between the Nations would cease and US countries could no longer well their technology to the Soviets
It also meant that they would intervene militarily by helping out the Mujahedeen
This was his declaration that the US equities do whatever was necessary to preserve their interests in the Persian Gulf
The SALT II agreement that was due to be passed by US parliament was scrapped and detente was effectively dead
The Olympic boycott of 1980 was a protest by the Americans to demonstrate their distain at the Soviet invasion. This was a big loss for the Soviets as they were hoping to promote Communism at this event and not only were the Americans not there but 60 other nations choose to boycott it
In 1984 the Soviets and 15 other countries returned the favour by boycotting the Los Angeles event
(🌄) Detente
Motives for Detente
The USA: 🇺🇸
Needed to address social problems at home including protests and civil rights movement
Needed to end spending on nuclear weapons and the failing Vietnam war
Hoped to improve trade and technology
Hoped that the Vietnamese would be persuaded to withdraw their troops
USSR: 🇷🇺
Poor living standards at home needed addressing
Without trade with the west, the economy was struggling
Can't afford to maintain development of nuclear weapons
The west's relationship with China (an emerging superpower) worried the soviets as they didn't want to be ganged up on
Western technology was often superior and they wanted to get their hands on it
Events
Outer Space Treaty
Prevented the use of space for any defensive or offensive means. Countries are bound to assist any earthling stuck in space and prevented space from being claimed. Was broken by the SDI initiative
SALT I
Causes:
Growing international concern over nuclear threat
Cuban missile crisis
Agreements:
No further production of SRBMs
SLBMs could only be introduced after stocks became obsolete
Satellite checking allowed
Impact:
First agreements between powers and successfully limited weapon numbers
SALT II
Causes:
After Helsinki accords human rights issues, relations worsened again and there was once again growing worry about nuclear weapons
Proposed Impacts:
Restrictions would be in place until 1985
Satellite checking allowed
Limited to 2400 nuclear delivery vehicles
No new land-based ICBM launchers
Limited MIRV systems to 1320
negatives:
People thought that the soviets couldn't be trusted
People saw the SALt agreements as weak leadership
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan meant the agreement was never ratified
Vietnam Treaty
Causes:
Vietnam war had been a failure for the US as it cost over $100 billion and the US was sustaining heavy casualties. This lead to much destain at home
By 1968 the US were seeking an end to the war. Brezhnev entered talks with the US and they were able to instigate peace talks in Vietnam.
Moscow Visit
Causes: The Vietnam war was still raging so there needed to be peace talks
Consequences:
*Nixon agreed to take part in a European Security Conference
Peace agreement was eventually signed in Vietnam 1973
Complete dis-armerment was the ultimate goal
Improved cooperation
Helsinki Accords
Agreement of several baskets including fixing of borders, human rights and international agreements / trade
Joint Space Missions
3 US and astronauts and 2 Soviet Cosmonauts linked up in space and shook hands. This showed the world relations were improving