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roots, Cross link description: The pericycle is the internal structure of…

- - - - quiescent center
        
        mitotically inactive region
        
        resistant to
        
        radiation
        
        toxic chemicals
        
        become active
        
        if damage to
        
        root cap
        
        root apical meristem
        
        impoprtant because
        
        often damaged by
        
        burrowing animals
        
        nematodes
        
        sharp objects
        
        pathogenic fungi
    - - root proper
  - - - root hair zone
    - - root hairs
        
        grow outward
        
        increases absorption of
        
        water
        
        minerals
      - merging of
        
        2 areas
        
        zone of maturation
        
        zone of elongation
      - cortex cells
        
        continue enlarging
        
        transfer minerals
        
        from
        
        epidermis
        
        to vascular tissue
        
        by
        
        apoplastic transport
        
        which is
        
        diffusion through
        
        2 more items...
        
        symplastic transport
        
        which is
        
        absorption into
        
        1 more item...
      - innermost layer of
        
        cortical cells
        
        differentiates into
        
        endodermis
        
        have
        
        tangential walls
        
        radial walls
        
        1 more item...
      - full differentiation of
        
        metaxylem
        
        metaphloem
      - pericycle
        
        between
        
        vascular tissue
        
        endodermis
    - - eudicot
      - monocot
  - - - meristem
        
        are meristematic
    - - proliferate
      - grow toward side
    - - changes occur in
        
        structure
        
        endoplasmic reticulum
        
        becomes less conspicuous
        
        middle lamella
        
        breaks down cells
        
        releases cells
        
        metabolism
        
        starch grains are
        
        digested
        
        dictyosomes
        
        secrete
        
        mucigel
  - - - enlarge
      - differentiate into
        
        a visible pattern
      - still immature
      - outermost
        
        are
        
        protoderm
        
        differentiate into
        
        epidermis
      - center
        
        are
        
        provascular tissue
        
        develop into
        
        primary xylem
        
        primary phloem
      - between
        
        provascular tissue
        
        and protoderm
        
        ground tissue
        
        parenchyma
        
        differentiates into
        
        root cortex
    - - permeable
  - - - were
        
        slow to develop
        
        into Casparian strips
    - - greatly reduced
    - - builds up
      - created by
        
        endodermis maturation
        
        which forms
        
        watertight sheath
      - allow water to
        
        move up
- - - - two things
        
        water
        
        minerals
      - not
        
        light
      - at all sides
        
        because
        
        cylindrical shape
        
        high
        
        surface-to-volume ratio
    - - hormones
        
        examples
        
        cytokinin
        
        gibberellin
        
        needed for
        
        shoot growth
        
        shoot development
    - - plant to substrate
      - provides stability
  - - - e.g. fleshy taproots
        
        examples
        
        beets
        
        radishes
        
        carrots
    - - in
        
        willows
        
        sorrel
        
        other plants
      - as plants spread
        
        horizontally
    - - holdfasts
        
        examples
        
        ivy
        
        other vines
        
        cling to
        
        rocks
        
        bricks
    - - other plants
        
        by
        
        drawing their
        
        water
        
        nutrients
      - examples
        
        parasitic flowering plants
        
        mistletoe
        
        dodder
  - - - Crysophila
      - Mauritia
    - - out of
        
        the trunk
        
        and harden into
        
        sharp spines
  - - - specialized
        
        results in
        
        division of labor
- - - - chemical conversion of
        
        atmospheric nitrogen
        
        to usable compounds
      - some plants
        
        have symbiotic relationship
        
        with
        
        nitrogen fixing bacteria
        
        in
        
        genus Rhizobium
        
        secrete substance
        
        that causes
        
        1 more item...
        
        attach to
        
        root hair curl
        
        1 more item...
        
        eventually are
        
        released into
        
        1 more item...
    - - are roots of
        
        parasitic plants
      - atypical #
        
        root structure
      - adhere to host
        
        two ways
        
        secreting adhesive
        
        growing around
        
        small branch
        
        root
    - - fungi that
        
        soil fungi that
        
        have symbiotic relationship
        
        with
        
        plant roots
      - 2 main relationships
        
        ectomycorrhizal relationship
        
        in most
        
        woody forest plants
        
        fungal hyphae
        
        threadlike cells
        
        penetrate
        
        outermost root cortex
        
        but not the
        
        1 more item...
        
        endomycorrhizal association
        
        in
        
        herbaceous plants
        
        fungal hyphae
        
        penetrate
        
        root cortex
        
        up to the
        
        1 more item...
        
        cannot pass
        
        Casparian strip
        
        invade cells
        
        branch
        
        forming
        
        1 more item...
  - - - long term storage
        
        for
        
        carbohydrates
        
        used to produce
        
        new shoot
        
        in spring
      - accumulate carbohydrates
        
        during summer photosynthesis
      - present in
        
        biennial species
        
        examples
        
        carrots
        
        celery
        
        beets
        
        many perennials
        
        examples
        
        Phlox
        
        many daisies
        
        Datura
    - - do not contact
        
        soil
      - transport
        
        additional
        
        water and nutrients
        
        to stem
      - act as stabilizers
      - found in
        
        some tropical trees
        
        as
        
        buttress roots
        
        mangroves
    - - are
        
        epiphytic
      - dangle freely
      - has
        
        velamen
        
        acts as
        
        waterproof barrier
        
        conserves water
    - - in several plants
        
        Oxalis
        
        Gladiolus
        
        Crinum
        
        other plants
        
        many with bulbs
      - firmly fixes
        
        root to soil
- - - - consist of
        
        lateral roots
        
        can
        
        produce
        
        more lateral roots
        
        become
        
        prominently swollen
        
        example plants
        
        2 more items...
        
        outgrowth depends on
        
        soil microenvironment
        
        many
        
        if soil is
        
        2 more items...
        
        few
        
        if soil is
        
        3 more items...
        
        branch roots
        
        single taproot
        
        develops from
        
        radicle
        
        aka embryonic root
        
        various shapes
    - - have
        
        fibrous root system
        
        a mass of
        
        many
        
        similarly sized roots
        
        arises because
        
        radicle dies
        
        during
        
        during germination
        
        immediately after germination
        
        later
        
        more root primordia
        
        1 more item...
        
        some eudicots
        
        also have
      - increase size by
        
        stolons
        
        rhizomes
      - unable to have
        
        taproot system
    - - many perennial
        
        undergo secondary growth
        
        produces
        
        wood
        
        bark
        
        increases quantity of
        
        healthy and functional
        
        wood (xylem)
        
        in
        
        2 more items...
        
        leaves
        
        fine, absorptive roots
  - - - region where
        
        growth occurs
    - - root apical meristem
        
        protected by
        
        root cap
        
        allows
        
        longitudinal growth
    - - which have
        
        dictyosomes
        
        that secrete
        
        mucigel
        
        lubricates
        
        passage of
        
        1 more item...
        
        rich in
        
        carbohydrates
        
        amino acids
        
        a complex polysaccharide
    - - behind
        
        root cap
        
        and apical meristem
      - cells undergo
        
        division
        
        expansion
    - - behind
        
        zone of elongation
      - region in which
        
        epidermal cells
        
        extend out
        
        as narrow trichomes
      - root hairs
        
        increase
        
        root surface area
        
        can enter
        
        small crevices
        
        unicellular
        
        transitory
        
        die within
        
        4-5 days
        
        after forming
- - - - cell divisions in
        
        the pericycle
        
        activity is
        
        localized
        
        to few cells
        
        creates
        
        small root primordium
        
        3 more items...
    - - bud formation
        
        which is
        
        exogenous origin