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The Socialization Process - Coggle Diagram
The Socialization Process
Aims & Goals of Socialization
Develop a self-concept
What is self-concept?
Understanding of self defined by others
Who am I?
Where am I going?
How will I get there?
Self-esteem
Eight stages of psychosocial development
Trust vs. Mistrust
AGES 0-1
quality/consistent care
foundation of self-esteem/self-worth
neglect/inconsistent care
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
AGES 2-3
self-sufficiency allowed
deprived of will
Initiative vs. Guilt
AGES 3-5
allowed to try new things
bad for exploration / pests for asking questions
Industry vs. Inferiority
AGE 6 - PUBERTY
recognition/praise of effort
ignored/rebuked
Identity vs. Identity Diffusion
ADOLESCENCE
levels of Identity development
Achievement
commitment w/ exploration
= high self-esteem
Foreclosure
commitment w/o exploration
= conformity
Moratorium
exploration / no commitment
= high anxiety
Searching Moratorium
exploring/committing then re-evaluating/re-committing
= high anxiety
Diffusion
little exploration / no commitment
= depression
Intimacy vs. Isolation
YOUNG ADULTHOOD
level of identity formation = level of intimacy achievement
Generativity vs. Self-absorbtion
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
Interest in next generation
self-interest
Integrity vs. Despair
OLD-AGE
Accept responsibility for life Satisfied / Healthy
Dissatisfied / Depressed / Unhealthy
Enable self-regulation
Early relationships (External)
Emotional regulation
Emotional Intelligence
Older children (Internal)
Empower achievement
What do I want to be when I grow up?
Adults & peers influence motivation to succeed
Teach social roles
Implement developmental skills
Social skills
Emotional skills
Cognitive skills
Behavioral skills
Developmental Tasks
Societal expectations
Cultural diversity
Agents of Socialization
Family
Socioeconomic status
Cultural experiences
System of interaction
First reference group
Culturally diverse behavioral patterns
Orientation
Collectivism
Individualism
Coping Style
Active
Passive
Attitude toward authority
Submissive
Egalitarian
Communication Style
Open/Expressive
Restrained/Private
School / Child Care
Educational Philosophy
Academic
Vocational
Social/Civic
Personal
Classroom Management
classroom setting
competition vs. cooperation
collaboration vs. independent
teacher role model
Peers
Social Comparison
Social roles
Support Group
Mass Media
World Exposure
Role Models
Social Attitudes
Relationships between people
Community
Groups, Agencies, Organizations
Diversity Exposure
Neighborhoods
Community Practices & Routines
Direct Involvement
Indirect Involvement
Social Support
Informal
Formal
Factors that affect Socialization
Biological (experience-expectant)
Independent of experience
genetics
evolution
hormones
Sociocultural (experience-dependent
language development
social skills
cultural norms
Interactive factors
how the child reacts things
effects of life history
resiliency
temperament
Outcomes of Socialization
Internalized Values
Attitudes
Motives
Mastery Motivation
Achievement Motivation
Sources
Internal
External
Self-Esteem
Academic
Behavorial
Physical
Social
Global Self-worth
Self-regulation of behavior
Morals
Emotional
Cognitive
Behavioral
Gender Roles
Attributions
(why I did it)
Internal
External
Methods of Socialization
Affective Methods (feelings/emotions)
Attachment
Secure
Insecure
Interaction
Operant Methods (producing an effect)
Reinforcement
Positive
Negative
Shaping
Extinction
lack of reinforcement = disappearance of behavior
Timeout
Punishment
Feedback
Learning by Doing
Observational Methods (modeling)
Factors that affect probability of modeling
1) Attention
2) Level of cognitive development
3) Retention
4) Type of activity
5) Motivation
6) Ability to reproduce behavior
7) Repertoire of alternative behaviors
Factors that affect extent of modeling
Good relationship
Perceived similarity
Perception as nurturing
Perceived as powerful
Whether model is punished or reinforced
Cognitive Methods
Instruction
Setting Standards
Reasoning (most effective after ages 11-12)
Similar <> Similar (Transductive)
Specific > General (Inductive)
General > Specific (deductive)
Sociocultural Methods
Group Pressure
Wanting to belong
Acceptance
Relationships between members
Routines
Symbols
Traditions
Rituals
Types
Connection
Community
Love
Grand (all 3)
Benefits
Predictability
Connection
Identity
Way to enact values
Elements
Meaning / Significance
Repeated
Coordinated
Apprenticeship Methods
1st Structuring
2nd Collaborating
3rd Transferring responsibility