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Essay question: Is state sovereignty the most effective way to maintain…

- - - - legal sovereignty (de jure)
      - Political sovereignty (de facto)
      - Internal sovereignty does not guarantee outside sovereignty
      - State is a "Modern Phenomena" and is connected to religion separation, civilizing
      - Challenges to sovereignty
        
        Susan strange
        
        history as a source
        
        see time between academic debate and when it ends up in public speech
        
        Bipolar system changed to global hegemony --> increased spread of economic system to parts of world that were closed off.
        
        Collapse of soviet union --> more peace, less protection of borders
        
        Russia allowed multinational corporations into their territories, such as MC.
        
        symbol of capitalism. change of ideology --> picture of how global market economy works.
      - Challenge to nature of state:
        
        domestic production vs vs capitalism across the borders nature of system is changed
        
        External affairs affects sovereignty/ system
        
        when external systems favours less sovereignty, many states felt obliged to follow this rule
        
        Globalisation
        
        issues are no longer confined to one place --> terrorism and illicit drug activity are dependent on a global system and its poorer countries
        
        Multiple actors/ agents NOT just states.
        
        governments cooperate w corporation to increase economic growth --> but states are needed to regulate corporations and their expansion to some exent.
        
        competition on who has the better companies?
        
        UK stock company has probably more effect on the UK economy than its actual government --> government can make decisions without consulting and vice versa
        
        Shared state authority --> system is extentive, anarchy is not gone. More billiard balls on table
        
        Foreign policy has changed
        
        States authority has change
      - Is states in retreat?
        
        no territory can regulate borders bc of wifi for instance --> is wifi an agent? (normal people use it, companies use it to communicate, expand)
        
        people handpick their information so government is not the main news source/ politics source any more. It works as a supplementary choice to governmental news services. weather the state is present or not depends on country.
        
        not only external challenges for a state, also internal: domestic instability --> state failure --> government of Afghanistan v Taliban.
        
        Britain and Brexit --> destabilizing the border and peace agreement between the two Irelands (good friday agreement) + England v Scotland.
        
        Hard to protect statehood if there are domestic instability --> statehood is dynamic --> changes.
        
        Are these arguments tailored to western thinking?
      - sovereignty as a provider for identity
      - wrong kind of sovereignty: non recognition of former colonised states for instance + debts and dependency on said former colony owners
    - - "International" recognition means recognised by western systems
        
        Western actors such as Uk, US, France, WHO, UN etc
        
        Internal sovereignty may not guarantee outside s
      - Not attacked from outside
  - - - allow forced/ humanitarian interventions, sanctions in some way
        
        war as a regulating tool --> cold war (but real war outside the west)
      - Cold war maintained order and nuclear weapons was a deterrent against nuclear war.
  - - - Overlapping actor along with empires
      - State v church --> struggle of identity and religion as identity
        
        Kings and Emperors used reformation movement to gain more power/ argued for a divine right to rule
        
        Realism in IR: humans are wired to either follow or not follow --> difficult with a stateless world
        
        1648 Westphalia
        
        somewhat sovereignty for EUROPEAN countries
        
        equally sized states: equal
        
        myth of 1648: s was still under threat after that age, did not start a new era because there was high competition, still eurocentric
  - - - balls cant get more power than there already exist.
      - Automatic regulator
      - What happens when a stae acquire so much power that the others "cant keep up"?
        
        napoleonic France --> France was bigger in territory and people
        (internal and external advantages)
        
        more beyond the billiard board power metaphor.
        
        Other states around France made alliances and stepped up
        
        congress of Vienna --> Balance system, FR got downsized and territories were given to Russia, Prussia + Netherland as new kingdom
        
        Shape behaviour --> create new norms/regulation and mutual trust
        
        Early foundation of international law in western world. Has there been a set of international laws outside the western world
        
        states cant claim ignorance when punished and this is agreed by states (as long as you yield to western system and abide its norms and rules) or else the west wages a big
        
        Agents: important to restore power distribution
- - - - denial of sovereignty