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Examine the issues that influence the level of economic development of…
Examine the issues that influence the level of economic development of countries.
social factors: gender differences
social and cultural reasons: women do not have equal status with men
women are generally expected to marry and leave home, education of female children not a priority
women have lower school enrolment and higher drop-out rates
e.g. purdah (certain hindu societies); keeping women in seclusion with clothing that conceals them completely when they go out
social pressures
prevent women from taking an active part in social, economic and political activities outside their homes
limits their contribution to the development of a country
historical factors
colonisation
europeans and slavery
african nations are currently less developed than european nations(eg. america) due to colonisation
the blacks were forced to work for the whites without a choice, this meant that they could work for no pay at all.
the whites therefore kept profiting off the low costs of labour- harvesting crops etc. while the blacks get nothing in return
this causes hardly any money to flow into the african nations which means they are unable to develop and are put to a disadvantage
this disadvantage is what causes the development disparity today
core and periphery
one colony is built off the exploitation of another
certain countries are put to a disadvantage due to whatever happened in history
disparity in development between different regions
environmental factor: natural disasters
natural disasters: cause damage
govt funds directed towards rebuilding
jobs lost/stopped
population decreases (deaths, injured, illnesses like malaria)
thus decreases productive capacity and negatively affects economic development
esp on LEDCs
reliant on agricultural/raw material exports
more often struck by floods/droughts
e.g. Africa
e.g.
2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami
138k buildings destroyed
$360bil in economic losses
conversely, can enhance economic development
sustainable management of resources
managing pollution
climate change
help grape farmers in europe due to better temperatures for grape growing
geographical location
Mydral's Model of Cumulative Causation
Stage 1
becomes the core and job opportunities arise, people continue to migrate from the periphery
Multiplier Effect
an area can develop as a growth pole, setting a chain reaction in motion, producing self-sustaining economic growth.
Other companies who supply components or use the new industry's products are attracted to the area to benefit from reduced transport costs.
Spin-off Effect
new inventions/innovations that lead to further industrial development and new linkages.
linked industries become established and encourages money to circulate through a country's economy.
eg. Money invested in an industry creates jobs directly, but it also creates jobs indirectly elsewhere.
introduction of a new/expansion of industries encourages growth in other industrial sectors.
original industries prosper and demand for labour increases as further industrial growth occurs.
acquired advantages reinforce the natural advantages.
eg. skilled labour, improved infrastructure, more efficient services, sizeable markets
area develops more rapidly than its surroundings (cumulative causation)
development of industries like mining
economic growth in areas with natural advantages
eg. sheltered coastline where a natural harbour could lead to the development of a major port.
Stage 3
core areas flood the periphery with cheap products, the poor areas have little necessity to develop any industry.
industrially expanding region of the core on the one hand, and the stagnating or declining periphery on the other.
Stage 2
concentration of economic activity
Backwash Effect
The loss of valuable labour and resources seriously reduces further industrial development in the periphery.
Growth in the core is sustained by a constant supply of labour and resources from the periphery.
Downward spirals in the periphery occur as people leave in order to find work in the core.
core develops at the expense of the periphery
Eg. Shanghai vs Pudong (China)
Originally a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew to importance in the 19th century. The rapid development of the city began in the aftermath of the Opium War of 1840 when the Western powers forced China to open five of its coastal cities, to foreign trade.
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