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Chapter Ten, Chapter Twelve, Chapter 3, Chapter Eleven - Coggle Diagram
Chapter Ten
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DNA Replication
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The DNA Polymerase is a member of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates.
DNA ligase is an enzyme which can connect two strands of DNA together by forming a bond between the phosphate group of one strand and the deoxyribose group on another.
Chapter Twelve
Gene Cloning and Editing
DNA cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of DNA, such as a gene. In a typical cloning experiment, a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of DNA called a plasmid.
Biotechnology is a broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products.
In genetics, complementary DNA is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes
DNA technology is the sequencing, analysis, and cutting-and-pasting of DNA
Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms.
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
Plasmid is a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.
A restriction enzyme is a protein that recognizes a specific, short nucleotide sequence and cuts the DNA only at that specific site, which is known as restriction site or target sequence.
A restriction site is a sequence of approximately 6–8 base pairs of DNA that binds to a given restriction enzyme.
Restriction Fragments are fragments of a DNA molecule that has been cleaved by a restriction enzyme.
Nucleic acid probes are either a single stranded DNA or an RNA with a strong affinity towards a specific DNA or RNA target sequence.
A reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription.
Clone -an organism or cell, or group of organisms or cells, produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical.
DNA ligase is an enzyme which can connect two strands of DNA together by forming a bond between the phosphate group of one strand and the deoxyribose group on another.
DNA Profiling
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DNA Profiling is the process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding.
Polymerase chain reaction is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail.
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Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules and their fragments, based on their size and charge.
Repetitive DNA Stretches of DNA that repeat themselves throughout a genome, either in tandem or interspersed along the genome. These stretches can comprise up to fifty percent or more of an organism's DNA.
The repetitive DNA used in DNA profiles consists of short sequences repeated many times in a row. This is called Short Tandem Repeat (STR)
Short Tandem Repeat analysis is a common molecular biology method used to compare allele repeats at specific loci in DNA between two or more samples.
Genomics & Bioformatics
Genomics is the study of whole genomes of organisms, and incorporates elements from genetics.
The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
The whole-genome shotgun (WGS) method entails sequencing many overlapping DNA fragments in parallel and then using a computer to assemble the small fragments into larger contigs and, eventually, chromosomes
Bioinformatics is a subdiscipline of biology and computer science concerned with the acquisition, storage, analysis, and dissemination of biological data, most often DNA and amino acid sequences.
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