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Why and when is it justifiable, desirable, and even morally necessary to…
Why and when is it justifiable, desirable, and even morally necessary to politically limit, or even deny, access and influence to some overrepresented, privileged groups, and how should democratic institutions apply this?
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When?
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Cautionary note: A democratic ethis should avoid as much as possible the risks associated with marginalisation (1- marginalisation can undermine the rule of law and contribute to illegal government violence, especially when anti-democratic forces are strong and inclined to use extensive violence; 2- marginalisation can create "a surplus of victimseven beyond those who may be the legitimate targets of political and legal action. It leaves a durable legacy of bitterness and antagonism among the guilty and the innocent"
How?
Formal?
Cohen's categorical inclusion (formal prohibitions that bar certain citizens from being full participants in representative institutions based on their group memberships)
Not desirable and even forbidden, since antidemocratic (violate certain groups' equal political standing and thereby fundamental democratic norms
Informal?
Yes, when informal exclusions allow democratic institutions to better approximate their ideals
Cohen's integrative marginalisation (the informal norms of democratic procedures prevent certain members from assimilating into dominant political institutions). Example: donations
Yes, desirable way to exclude
Cohen's secondary marginalisation (members of of a historically disadvantaged groups police and regulate the meaning of the group's identity)
Oppression pronciple
Political : targets those forms of oppression that significantly violate political equality, and thereby weaken the legitimacy of democratic institutions
Well-informed democratic citizens should be able to prefer candidates or representatives who advance political equality at the exense of those who significantly violate political equality and thereby weaken the legitimacy of democratic institutions.
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