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Population studies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - massive unemployment
      - widespread hunger
      - low literacy levels
      - widespread pollution (since more waste)
- - - - high birthrates
        
        factors contributing to high birth rates
        
        women marrying young, longer child bearing years
        
        lack of or resistance to family planning
        
        cannot afford
        
        against culture
        
        no access
        
        lack of education
        
        preference for boys so that can carry on family name
        
        children as labour, esp farming communities that need a lot of manpower
        
        improved health care, less deaths
        
        reduce BR: anti-natalist policies
        
        mass family planning
        
        communicate small families are desirable
        
        measures
        
        legalising abortion and sterilisation
        
        women who had given birth advised to seek Family planning
        
        discounted contrapceptives
        
        incentives such as tax relief, paid maternity leave
        
        disincentives such as zero maternity leave and allowance for women having >2 children
        
        results in overpopulation
      - low birth rates
        
        factors contributing to low BR
        
        increase in literacy rate, more people well educated
        
        women entering workforce or prioritising themselves over bearing children and hence pursuing higher education
        
        trend of later marriages being accepted
        
        lesser child-bearing years
        
        gap between each child become longer
        
        high cost of living: more expensive to raise children
        
        people also want to give their child quality nurturing and provide bets edu>deters couples from having children or having >1
        
        rapid economic growth --> increasing affluence --> better edu--> more career-minded couples
        
        increase in singles
        
        results in aging population
        
        bigger dependency ratio
        
        pro-natalist policies
        
        pro-family packages
        
        higher incomes, greatest amt of tax relief w aim of encouraging well-educated people to have more children (since well-educated ppl less likely to marry young or at all, and bear children)
        
        childcare fees subsidised
        
        many other monetary incentives to defray child-raising costs
        
        encourage people to marry at younger age