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GCSE Geography Changing Economic World 🌍💴 - Coggle Diagram
GCSE Geography Changing Economic World 🌍💴
Development Indicators
A development indicator is a measure of data used to show a countries development
A single indicator is an indicator based on a single value
Examples include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Birth Rate
Limitations:
👉 Old data could not represent current climate
👉 Data source may be unreliable
👉 Economic indicators do not include informal economy (cash in hand) which are particularly prevelant in LICs
👉 Government corruptions
👉 They are an average age will vary in localised areas
Composite indicators in the other hand encompass multiple values
Examples include Human Development Index (HDI) and Gender Development Index (GDI)
Limitations of single indexes can be minimised by using multiple as they make less of a contribution to overall result
Uneven development
Means the unequal distribution of population, resources and wealth on a regional, national and global scale
Causes?
Landlocked countries have limited access to Ocean ports for trading 🚢
Country debt can lead to huge monthly payments taking money away from local economy 💰
More cases of a disease thanks to poor healthcare and climate differences⚕️
Violence and aware causes migration and refugee crises⚔️
Undiversified economies exporting only primary produce hinders growth 🌽
Extreme weather is costly and can limit growth☀️
Uneven distribution or natural resources such as oil🛢️
Lack of safe drinking water makes more health problems💦
Countries previously under colonization suffer lack of resources and can suffer political turmoil🇨🇴
Effects
North America how 35% of wealth despite having just 5% population💵
In HICs lung infections claim most lives with only <1% dieing before the age of 15 🚬
In 2015 Germany agreed to accept refugees from Syria🇸🇾
In LICs on the other hand, up to 40% die before the age of 15 from things like HIV, tuberculosis and malaria☠️
Economic migrants can earn money which makes the government tax and this improves GDP💸
China has seen one of the highest growth since 2000 with personal wealth quadrupling🇨🇳
Demographic Transition Model
Examples of stage 5: 🇩🇪🇯🇵
Examples of stage 1: rural tribal community
Examples of stage 2: 🇮🇳
Examples stage 4: 🇬🇧🇺🇸
Reducing Uneven Development
Investment in an area can lead to the PME
Industrial development means more jobs, more money and positive multiplier effect
Tourism can help bring in money from other nations to reduce development gap
Technological developments can help communities in the long term eg. A well
Aid can be money sent to another country either in the form of bilateral aid of multilateral aid in which money is given to an organisation. This helps development as the country can kindest the money
Fair trade can help the development gap as the poorer producing countries get more of the profits
Jamaica Example 🇯🇲
Jamaica is classed as a MIC as it exports ltd of oil, some agriculture and a bit of manufacturing.
It also suffers from slow growth and unemployment especially away from the cost
Tourism has posted a bit pay in improving the economic prospects are it has lead to lots of investment in infrastructure. Unfortunately this has lead to further uneven development as it has been focused in tourist hotspots in the coast🐚
Uneven development means that coastal areas enjoy a relatively high quality of life whereas people further inland suffer poverty and lack of clean water
Tourism in Jamaica produces 24% of GDP in 2014 with this expected to grow to 32% in 2024. It also represents the main source of employment with over 200,000 direct and indirect jobs.
Nigeria🇳🇬
Location📍: Nigeria is located in Western Africa and is bordered by Chad, Berin, Cameroon and Niger.
Key points: 🔑
Nigeria is very rich in oil and this makes up 75% of government money 🛢️
Nigeria Nigeria is also home to 25% of Africa's poorest 💴
Nigeria GDP is respected to grow from $525 billion to $4.2 trillion 📈
Importance
Global🌍
World's 21th largest economy
5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping mission
Nigeria supplies 2.7% of our oil
Nigeria has largest global GDP growth 2010-2015
Regional🗾
Largest population within Africa
Highest agricultural output in Africa
Highest GDP in Africa
Quickest development in Africa
Context
Gained independence in 1960 but suffered currupt governments
Largely semi-desert with and regions
High temperatures and rainfall in South
Economic inequality in North vs. South
Active players in sports (football)
Africa has its boarders drawn by European powers
Large cinema and music industries
Changing Economic Structure
Industrial output has increased significantly as well as the tirtiary sector which has also seen exponential rises. Meanwhile, Primary sectors have seen a decline
Economic Potential vs. Limits
Lots of natural and human resources with good geographical position
In the other hand, it has poor infrastructure, lack of electricity and poor governance
Shell TNC Example
Advantages✔️
TNCs often do try to clean up if they make a mess
Shell has created charities to help local people
TNCs provide people with jobs
TNCs invest money in the local area (shell has seen $12million in spending)
Disadvantages❌
Child labour is often used
Employees are often paid exploitatively low wages
Human rights violations
Environmental laws are often more relaxed so they get abused
Tax evasion
Bodo Spill 🛢️
Bodo was a small village in Nigeria that was devastated by a leaking high pressure pipeline. The oil was carried along waterways killing an entire ecosystem in just hours
This has a huge impact as many people were reliant on fishing for money and personal sustenance
Shell tried to differ responsibly by claiming it was due to illegal pipeline trapping. It took 7 years before a court made them admit responsibly
Aid
Types
Emergency🚨: Short term aid in response to a disasters event (usually in the form of for water or shelters,)
Development🏗️: Long term support to aid a country's development. This is usually charities or government MNOs
Examples
World's Bank gave $500 million to help reduce dependence on oil and improve infrastructure
Lots of aid from the West helps educate people about how to stay safe of diseases like malaria and HIV
As a country develops, how will citizens see an improvement?
Better paid jobs in the manufacturing business
Better diets available meaning higher productivity
Better access to clean water and sanitation
Improvements to infrastructure
Reliable electricity grid means contestant access to heat and light
Highest disposable income to spend on life improvements
Positive Multiplier Effect
Examples of Shell TNC in Nigeria 🐚
Changing UK Economy 🇬🇧
Changing Economic sectors. The UK has moved far away from an agricultural and industrial society into a post-industrial society
Deindustrialization
Is the decline of manufacturing based industry in favour of a more service based economy.
Causes: Increasingly antiquated equipment, cheap labour abroad and lack of investment
It has been accelerated by globalization 🌍 as it has allowed cheap imports from country's whose labour laws are far less strict then those in the UK.
Policy
From 1945-1979 the government tried to prop up the dieing UK manufacturing business
From 1979-2010 there was a focus on improving completion and services in the tertiary sector. Secondary sector burgesses were often forced to close
From 2010 there have been new attempts to re-balance the economy with plans to help improve the UK manufacturing
Science👨🔬& Business👩💼 Parks
Science parks 👨🔬
Description: A high concentration of science and research based establishments in a single physical site
These have the advantage of easy collaboration of employees, resources wages knowledge.
These places are often listed within close proximity to make science universities as it is here where lots of science and research happens. Graduates can also work in these places.
Examples: University of Southampton business park. Great transport, high speed internet and attractive location 🌲
Business parks 👩💼
Definition: An area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses- usually located on the edge of town.
Advantages: Businesses can benefit greatly from working together and have good access to roads
Examples: Cobalt business park in Newcastle. UK's largest bushes park and is very close to A1 as well as international airport
Environmental Impacts🌲
Fast fashion
Chemical dumping
Water use
Fertilizers to grow cotton
Poor labour conditions
Used products dumped incorrectly in the environment
Quarrying (Torr)
Destruction to ecosystems
Pollutants
Damages to landscape
Can be repurposed as landfill site, flooding storage or housing
Contributes £15 million per year to local economy and employs more than 100 people
The site only spans 2.5km2
Efforts to improve sustainability
Limestone added to make sure look more natural
Regular house monitoring
Rail transport used to decrease road demand
Changing rural landscapes
Migration origin - e.g Outer Hebrides
Lack of affordable housing
Farming industry suffers due to less demand
Young people moving away in order to get better employment
Shops forced to close due to declining customer base meaning more lost jobs
Migration destination - e.g. Cambridge
People have moved in to these places so as not to be in the centre of the city but still have easy access to it
House prices in the area skyrocket with a growth of 6.7% 2017-18. This causes local people to be outpriced. The wages are above national average however
Roads not built for the traffic available can become contested, school can become oversubscribed and healthcare capacity can also become stretched
North-South Divide
Transport strategies to improve links
Crossrail project was started in order to try and cut journey times across London
Liverpool 2 is a planned new container terminal at the deep water quay on Mersy. It will provide thousands of new jobs and will boost North East economy
Railway improvements have also had a lot of investment. For example HS2 is a £50 billion new route that will go from London to Manchester meaning greater links to the capital from further north.
Other developments to UK ports in order to improve trade. In Bristol the have been renewable wind farm developments (£50 million invested). A new rail terminal has also been constructed at Felixstowe port
Local Enterprise Partnerships
These are Partnerships between local authorities and corporations which aim to invest in an area
Examples include: Enterprise partnership in Lancashire which aims to get fiber to everyone in the area for £62 million
Can include building on brownfield sites to regenerate an area
Regional support encompasses money for infrastructure from central government and the EU. There have also been attempts to attract new businesses like Nissan and Mitsubishi through establishing enterprise zones and LEPs.
