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Air pollution - Coggle Diagram
Air pollution
risk factors
air pollutants
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
nitrogen oxide, No2
ozone
sulfur dioxide, So2
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
dioxins
Carbon monoxide, CO
CO, CO2, NO, NO2, SO3
Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs)
heavy metals
lead
clima change
living in large urban areas
fast industrial development and overpopulation, rise in use of motorcycle transportation
fast industrial development: danger of industrial accident
developing countries: overpopulation and uncontrolled urbanization
low incomes
indoor air pollution: wood fuel or solid fuel,
living in cold climate
being female: COPD
respiratory disease: children under 5 years of age
Risk Pathway
Household pollution
Sulfur dioxide
PAH(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) could cause lung cancer
Fine and ultrafine particulate matters enter the airway
Formed in the atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions between the different pollutants. Particulate matter contain small droplets that are inhaled easily and affect the health
Ozone impact
Ozone affects the upper layer of the skin and tear ducts. Depletion of Vitamin C and E
Nitrogen dixode
Traffic-related pollutant as it is emitted from automobile motor engines. It penetrates deep into the lung. This induces respiratory diseases, wheezing etc. It is also shown that this affects crop yield. NO2 could also reduce visibility
Carbon Monoxide(CO)
Produced when fuel combustion is incomplete. The affinity of CO in blood is much higher than that of oxygen which makes it easier for poisoning. Symptoms if poisoning include nausea, headache, dizziness, weakness etc.
health outcomes
short term effects
--> temporary
more serious: asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, lung problems, headaches, nausea, and dizziness, hypertension, stroke, myocardial infracts, and heart insufficiency
simple discomfort, such as eye irritations, nose, skin, throat, wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, breathing difficulties
long term effects
--> chronic, lasting for years or the whole life and can even lead to death
toxicity of several air pollutants may induce a variety of
cancers
supplementary risk in case of existing respiratory disease (e.g. asthma)
harmful to the
neurological, reproductive, and respiratory systems
and causes cancer and even death
Long-term effects from traffic, industrial air pollution, and combustion of fuels are the major factors for
COPD
risk
Multiple
cardiovascular effects, Coronary arteriosclerosis,
Ventricle hypertrophy
(nitrogen oxide exposure)
Neurological effects
Psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, and low birth weight
impact on the immune system, causing dysfunction and neuroinflammatio, impact on antigen presentation
skin:
pigmented spots on our skin, skin aging, psoriasis, acne, urticaria, eczema, and atopic dermatitis , skin cancer
birthweight, maternal smoking, genetic background and socioeconomic environment, as well as education level, diet, starting from breast-feeding --> define vulnerability
Sources of exposure
Lower extent
(field cultivation techniques, gas stations, fuel tank heaters)
Majority caused by
large-scale human activities
(80% of today`s pollution) cars, industrial machinery, power-producing stations)
Natural sources