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VACCINES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Dispense will all the unnecessary parts of bacterium / virus
        
        Injection of a few parts of the pathogen DNA
        
        Instruct the immune system to produce antigens by itself.
    - - Limited to protein immunogens
        
        Risk of affecting genes controlling growth
        
        Might induces antibody that against production of DNA
    - - Stimulate the humoral and cellular arms of the adaptive immune system
        
        Cost-effectiveness
        
        Stability for storage and shipping
        
        Ease of development and production
    - - Influenza and herpes are currently in human testing phases.
  - - - Eliminate the post vaccination reactions
        
        Establish good immunity
    - - 1.Possible reversion to virulent forms
        
        Disease problem in immune stressed animals
        
        Risk of abortion/infertility
    - - Use an attenuated / weakened virus / bacteria as the vector for DNA.
        
        Introduce DNA from a harmful pathogen into the body, trigerring the immune system to produce antigens by itself
    - - Still under development
        
        Rabies
        
        HIV
        
        Measles
- - - - 1.Made from antigens that best stimulate the immune system.
        
        Only take the best antigen to insert into the vaccine.
    - - The chances of adverse reactions to the vaccine is lower.
    - - Taking a long time to determine the best antigen that available in the patogen.
    - - Hepatitis B
        2.Pneumococcal
        
        Human Papilomavirus (HPV)
  - - - Virus / Bacteria is killed through radiation, heat or chemicals
        
        Those dead microb will be injected inside human body
        
        The immune system will learn the dead microb and build defense system to fight against the disease.
    - - Easily stored
        
        The risk of the virus / bacteria mutating back into
        disease causing form is zero.
        
        Can be freeze dried
    - - Polio
        
        Rabies
        
        Hepatitis A
    - - Less accurate as a simulation for body
        
        Need to take additional dose or booster doses
  - - - Excellent stimulatiom for the immune system
        
        More long lasting compared the rest of the vaccines
        (1 dose or 2 dose)
    - - Living virus or bacteria but weakened
        
        The pathogen slightly lost the ability to spread the diseases
        
        Give an exposure to the immune system (to encounter
        the disease if the host is infected)
    - - They can be violent and spread the disease.
        
        People who have weakened immune system
        such as cancer patients and have HIV, will
        have the risk of the pathogen could get stronger
        if they take live, attenuated vaccines.
    - - Measles
        
        Rubella
        
        Influenza
  - - - The toxins that secreted by some bacteria
        
        The toxins is detoxified using a mixture of formaldehyde and sterilized water.
        
        Immune system will learn the presence of these dead toxins to fight off living toxins.
    - - No chances for reversion to virulence.
        
        The antigens are not actively multiplying, thus no spread action of disease.
        
        Stable and long lasting ( less sensitive towards the changes of temperature, humidity and light intensity )
    - - Need an adjuvant and require several doses
        
        Local reactions at the vaccine site are more common
    - - Diphtheria
        
        Tetanus
        
        Cholera
  - - - A linkage between disguised bacteria ( pathogen that has polysaccharides coating to confuse the immune system ) and antigen from recognisable pathogen.
    - - Infants’ immune system can recognise the disguised pathogen and learn as future reference
    - - The lack of protective immune response in young children
    - - Haemophilus Influenzae Type B
        
        Streptococcus pneumoniae