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cell injury 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - mild degree
        
        causes reversible cell injury,
      - severe degree
        
        causes irreversible cell injury
      - 3 groups of accumulations
        
        Accumulation of normal cell metabolites
        (fats, proteins, carbohydrates)
        
        FATTY CHANGE (STEATOSIS)
        
        Intracellular accumulation of neutral fat
        
        Most commonly seen in liver
        but also observed in heart,
        skeletal muscle,
        kidneys etc.
        
        FATTY LIVER
        
        Etiology:
        
        Conditions of excess fat:
        
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        the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition.
        
        Liver cell damage:
        
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        diagram n slides
        
        CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLESTEROL ESTERS
        
        Atherosclerosis:
        
        deposits of lipid vacuoles in the intima layer of arteries
        mostly composed of cholesterol and cholesterol ester.
        
        Foamy appearance of cells.
        
        On gross examination intima layers appears yellow with cholesterol laden atheromas.
        
        Some of the lipid rich vacuoles may rupture, releasing lipids
        into the blood.
        
        Xanthomas:
        
        intracellular accumulation of cholesterol within macrophages.
        
        Clusters of foamy cells in connective tissue in skin and tendons,
        
        appears grossly as masses knowns as xanthomas
        
        Cholesterolosis:
        
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        Accumulation of abnormal substances
        
        INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION OF PROTEINS
        
        Pathologic accumulation of proteins occur in:
        
        Proteinuria :
        
        Russell’s bodies ;
        
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        excessive renal tubular reabsorption
        
        INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION OF GLYCOGEN
        
        Diabetes mellitus:
        
        normal cellular uptake of glucose is impaired.
        
        Glycogen deposits in
        -proximal convoluted tubule
        -and loop of henle,
        -hepatocytes
        
        Glycogen storage diseases
        
        defective metabolism of glycogen due to genetic
        disorders
        
        Accumulation of pigments
        
        Pigments are colored substances,
        some which are normal
        constituents of cells and others are abnormal and accumulate in cells under special circumstances.
        
        Endogenus: synthesized in the body
        
        1.Melanin:
        
        brown-black pigment in
        
        hair,
        
        skin,
        
        choroid of eye,
        
        meninges
        
        and adrenal medulla.
        
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        2.Hemoprotein derived pigments:
        
        endogenous pigments derived from hemoglobin,
        cytochromes and their break down products.
        
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        3.Lipofuscin (wear and tear pigment):
        
        yellowish-brown lipid pigment.
        
        Found in atrophied cells of old age.
        
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        Exogenus: coming from outside the body
        
        1.Inhaled pigments:
        
        carbon or coal dust,
        
        asbestos,
        
        silica.
        
        Inhaled pigments can lead to pneumoconiosis.
        
        3.Ingested pigments:
        
        chronic ingestion of metal
        
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        2.Injected pigments:
        
        Tattoing (india ink, cinnabar, carbon)
        taken up by macrophages and lies in connective tissue.
        
        table