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Microbial agents in musculoskeletal system - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Lameness; paraplegia
      - Poor body condition; endocarditis
      - Synovial hyperplasia
        
        Pannus formation
        
        Vascular velvety granulation tissue
        
        Cartilage lysis
        
        Thickened joint capsules
        
        Serofibrinous synovial fluid
        
        Proliferative synovitis + arthritis
        
        Intervertebral joints
    - - +ve Culture: acute cases
        
        -ve: chronic cases
      - Multiple samples + other diagnostics
    - - Antigen visualisation
  - - - Faeces, urine, saliva, nasal secretions
        
        Environmental resilience
      - Tonsils of healthy pigs (30-50%)
        
        Primary reservoir
      - Ingestion; skin abrasions, arthropod bites
      - :sheep: umbilicus / husbandry procedures
  - - - Sudden death - younger animals
        
        <3months - maternal Ab protection
      - Arthritis + septicaemia - older
        
        3yo: protective active immunity
        
        Exposure to low virulence strains
        
        Cell-mediated + humoural response
    - - Neuraminidase
        
        Vascular damage + thrombus formation
        
        Adherence to epithelium
      - Capsule - heat labile
        
        Prevents phagocytosis
        
        Adhesive surface proteins
        
        RspA; RspB
    - - Erysipeloid
        
        Self-limiting erythematous skin lesions
  - - - Penicillin; ampicillin/amoxicillin
    - - Flunixin, metacam, tolfedine
    - - Isolate sick pigs
- - - - Culture via inoculation
        
        Dilute antibacterial properties
      - Joint inflammation
        
        Lameness, pain
    - - Eg. methicillin
  - - - Normal skin flora
      - Haematogenous spread
        
        Surrounding tissues
    - - Non-absorbable suture
        
        Joint capsule exposure
        
        Operation site contamination
        
        Biofilm production
        
        Bacteria adhesion + evasion
  - - - Capsule + biofilm
        
        Antiphagocytic
      - Coagulase +ve
      - Exotoxins - cytotoxins
        
        Haemolysins
        
        Haemolysis of erythrocytes
        
        Leucocidins
        
        Kills phagocytes
      - Intracellular survival
        
        Evasion of antibiotic + immune system
        
        Chronic infections
- - - - Trauma / pre-existing condition
        
        Anaerobic conditions
        
        Eg. Contamination of injection site
      - Soil, freshwater sediment
  - - - Exotoxin release
        
        Myonecrosis
        
        White cell destruction
        
        Haematogenous dissemination
      - Gas producing
        
        Anaerobic cellulitis --> Gas gangrene
        
        Malignant oedema ; myonecrosis
        
        Black leg :cow2:
  - - - Avoid draining sinus tract :!:
      - Cytology
        
        Rods with spores
        
        Absence of inflammation
  - - - Castration; injections; surgery; dental
      - Multi-use injection bottles
    - - Disinfection + debridment
        
        Remove necrotic tissue
        
        Low vascular supply
        
        Intra-nasal oxygen therapy :dog2::cat2:
      - Narrow spectrum penicillin