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Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems - Coggle Diagram
Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
Concepts
3 basic parts
leaves
stems
roots
Plants could be in dry habitats
stems and leaves
conserved water more
root
absorbs CO2 better
angiosperms
flowering plants
basal angiosperms
waterlilies
magnolias
laurels
Eudicots
roses
asters
maples
Monocots
grasses
lilies
cattails
palms
philodendrons
bromeliades
Plant Bodies
2 types
Herbaceous
Primary Plant Body
constituents
shoot and apical meristems
primary tissues
Woody
Secondary Plant Body
constituents
wood
bark
other meristems
Herb
never gets woody
never covered in bark
lifespan
less than year
types
snapdragons
petunias
beans
corn
wheat
tissues
primary tissues
Woody Plants
Types
Oaks
Maples
Magnolias
Roses
Boxwood
Tissues
Secondary Tissue
Basic Types of Cells and Tissues
3 Classes
Parenchyma
#
only primary walls
most common cell type
Types of Parenchyma Cells
Chlorenchyma
involved in photosynthesis
Transfer Cells
provide more surface area
Phloem
Conducts nutrients over long distances
Some die at maturity
Collenchyma
Primary cell wall
thin in some areas
thick in others
mostly the corners
require more glucose for production
mostly found in shoot tips
need plasticity
Sclerenchyma
Composition
primary wall
thick secondary wall
always lignified
Grow from mature parenchyma cells
Two Types
Mechanical
Sclereids
dead at maturity
When newly formed they are parenchyma cells
#
Fibers
long
many dead at muturity
involved in storage
Conducting
Tracheids
long
narrow
dead at maturity
Vessel Elements
Short and wide
Dead at maturity
Transports water
Basic Organization of Stems
Nodes
where leaves are attached
Internodes
regions between nodes
Leaf Axil
area just above the point where a leaf attaches
Axillary Bud
mini shoot w/ dormant apical meristem and many young leaves
Types
vegetative bud
grows into a branch
floral bud
grow into a flower
covered in bud scales
protection of organs
terminal bud
at extreme tip
leaf scar
when a leaf falls
phyllotaxy
arrangement of leaves on stem
types
alternate
leaves one/node
opposite
leaves 2/node
decussate
leaves in 4 rows
whorled
3 or more leaves/node
spiral
leaves not aligned w/ neighbors
distichous
leaves located in 2 rows only
Bulbs
Short shoots
thick fleshy leaves
Corms
vertical thick stems
thin papery leaves
Rhizomes
fleshy
horizontal stems
allow plant to spread underground
Tubers
horizontal
storing nutrients
Internal Organization of Stems: Arrangement of Primary Tissues
Epidermis
a single layer of parenchyma cells
thin wall
allows for exchange of material
built for protection
insects
other plants
animals
insects
sunlight
composition
cutin
makes wall impermeable to water
forms cuticle
guard cells
swell by absorbing water
close at night
stomatal pore
can open during day
allows for CO2 absorbtion
trichomes (hairs)
make it difficult for animals to
chew
walk
land
secretions
salt
antiherbivore compounds
Cortex
location
interior to epidermis
composition
parenchyma
collenchyma
secretions
latex
mucilage
pitch
Vascular Tissues
types
xylem
conducts
water
minerals
Types of Cells
#
tracheids
vessel elements
strongest tracheary element
those with circular bordered pits
composition
thin primary wall
secondary wall
impermeable to water
different arrangements
organized as set of rings
annular thickenings
2 more items...
1-3 helices
helical thickening
most of inner surface
scalarifrom thickening
net shaped
reticulate thickening
hollow
Pit Membrane
made of
set of primary walls
middle lamella
very permeable to water
phloem
#
conducts
sugars
minerals
types of cells
sieve cells
sieve tube members
controlled by companion cells
load sugars in and out of sieve tube members
composition
parenchyma cells
primary cell wall
Vascular Bundles
interior to cortex
surround pith
parenchyma cells
#
composition
collateral
xylem and phloem parallel
xylem
primary xylem
phloem
primary phloem
phloem fibers
sclerenchyma
#
Stem Growth and Differentiation
apical meristems
site of mitotic division
end of shoot
subapical meristem
just below apical meristem
protoxylem
first xylem to appear
Metaxylem
largest of the tracheary elements
protophloem
most mature phloem cells
metaphloem
located next to the metaxylem
Protoderm
epidermal cells
early stage of differentiation
Provascular Tissues
young phloem and xylem
Ground Meristem
pith
cortex
Primary Tissues
produced by apical meristem
primary growth
results from apical meristem activity
