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Chapter 6 Telecommunications and Networks - Coggle Diagram

- - - - An ISP , or Internet service provider , is a company
        that provides access to the Internet to individuals and organizations.
    - - Surf. Point-and-click your way to thousands of hyperlinked Web sites and resources for multimedia information, entertainment, or electronic commerce.
      - e-Mail. Use e-mail and instant messaging to exchange messages with colleagues, friends, and other Internet users.
      - Discuss. Participate in discussion forums of special-interest newsgroups, or hold realtime text conversations in Web site chat rooms.
      - Publish. Post your opinion, subject matter, or creative work to a video games, explore virtual worlds, and so forth.
      - Buy and Sell. Buy and sell practically anything via e-commerce retailers, wholesalers, service providers, and online auctions.
      - Download. Transfer data files, software, reports, articles, pictures, music, videos, and other types of files to your computer system.
      - Compute. Log onto and use thousands of Internet computer systems around the world.
      - Connect. Find out what friends, acquaintances, and business associates are up to.
      - Other Uses. Make long-distance phone calls, hold desktop videoconferences, listen to radio programs, watch television, play video games, explore virtual worlds, and so forth.
  - - - Toward more competitive vendors, carriers, alliances, and network services, accelerated by deregulation and the growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web.
    - - Toward extensive use of Internet, digital fiber-optic, and wireless technologies to create high-speed local and global internetworks for voice, data, images, audio, and videocommunications.
    - - Toward the pervasive use of the Internet, enterprise intranets, and interorganizational extranets to support electronic business and commerce, enterprise collaboration, and strategic advantage in local and global markets.
  - - - Metcalfe’s law states that the usefulness, or utility, of a network equals the square of the number of users.
- - - - Security. Providing security is one of the top concerns of network management today. Telecommunications software must provide authentication, encryption, firewall, and auditing functions, and enforce security policies.
      - Network Monitoring. Troubleshoot and watch over the network, informing network administrators of potential problems before they occur.
      - Traffic Management. Manage network resources and traffic to avoid congestion and optimize telecommunications service levels to users.
      - Capacity Planning. Survey network resources and traffic patterns and users’ needs to determine how best to accommodate the needs of the network as it grows and changes.
  - - - Telecommunications networks are interconnected by special-purpose communications processors called inter-network processors , such as switches, routers, hubs, and gateways
    - - A multiplexer is a communications processor that allows a single communications channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals
  - - - The goal of network architectures is to promote an open, simple, flexible, and efficient telecommunications environment, accomplished by the use of standard protocols, standard communications hardware and software interfaces, and the design of a standard multilevel interface between end users and computer systems.
    - - The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a standard description or “reference model” for how messages should be transmitted between any two points in a telecommunications network.
    - - The Internet’s protocol suite is called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and is known as TCP/IP.
    - - A protocol is a standard set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a network.
  - - - Terrestrial microwave involves earthbound microwave systems that transmit highspeed radio signals in a line-of-sight path between relay stations spaced approximately 30 miles apart.
    - - Communications satellites also use microwave radio as their telecommunications medium.
    - - Cellular and PCS telephone and pager systems use several radio communications technologies.
  - - - Coaxial cable consists of a sturdy copper or aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to insulate and protect it.
    - - Fiber optics uses cables consisting of one or more hair-thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective jacket.
  - - - Local area networks (LANs) connect computers and other information processing devices within a limited physical area, such as an office, classroom, building, manufacturing plant, or other work site.
    - - Many organizations use virtual private networks (VPNs) to establish secure intranets and extranets.
    - - Client/server networks are the predominant information architecture of enterprisewide computing, and they are how most, if not all, LANs are designed.
    - - When a wide area network optimized a specific geographical area, it is referred to as a metropolitan area network (MAN).
    - - Telecommunications networks covering a large geographic area are called wide area networks (WANs).