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Ch. 10 Nutrient Present in Calcified Structures - Coggle Diagram
Ch. 10 Nutrient Present in Calcified Structures
Copper
third largest trace element found in the human body, following iron and zinc
readily incorporated into tooth enamel
essential for the formation of RBCs and CT
Requirements:
established RDA for copper is 900 micrograms per day for adults
UL has been set for 10g per day for adults
Absorption and Excretion
approx. 1/3 of dietary copper is absorbed, occurring primarily in the stomach and duodenum
absorption is enhanced by a low pH and is diminished by large amounts of calcium and zinc
stored mostly in the liver and muscle and is excreted through bile in feces
Sources:
widely distributed in foods
richest sources include shellfish, oysters, crabs, liver, nuts, sesame and sunflower seeds, soy products, legumes, and cocoa
Hyper States & Hypo States
Copper toxicity is seldom encountered.
Taken orally as an emetic: 10mg of oral copper can produce nausea
Keshan Disease
endemic cardiomyopathy
Selenium
functions mainly as a cofactor for an antioxidant enzyme that protects membrane lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids from oxidative damage
has an impact on skeletal integrity and contributes to the maintenance of normal immune function
works hand in hand with Vitamin E as an antioxidant; a deficiency of either nutrient increases the requirement for the other
present in tooth enamel and dentin
Requirements:
RDA establishes the adult requirement at 55 micrograms.
UL is 400 micrograms per day for adults
typical intake in the U.S. is 60-220 micrograms
Sources
Animal products- espeically seafood, kidney, liver, and other meats
intake correlates closely with caloric and protein consumption
whole-grain products, nuts, and mushrooms are also good sources
Chromium
odorless and tasteless metallic element.
involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
deficiencies result in decreased insulin sensitivity, impaired glucose intolerance, neuropathy, and elevated plasma free fatty acid concentration
patient on TPN are at risk for chromium deficiency
Requirements
adequate intake (AI) of a helathy adult has been estimated as 20-35 micrograms per day.
no UL has been set
average chromium contain in well-balanced diets is 13.4 micrograms/1000 calories
Sources
found in meats, whole-grain cereals, wheat germ, nuts, mushrooms, green beans, broccoli, brewers yeast, beer, wine, and tap water
Manganese
essential in several enzyme systems and is important for optima bone matrix development; prevention of osteoporosis; insulin production; and amino acid, cholesterol, and carbohydrate metabolism
Absorbed in the small intestine , transported to the liver, and excreted in bile
Manganese dust can be enviromentally hazardous
Manganese madness: manganese miners and welders have developed a syndrome similar to Parkinson disease
Molybdenum
fuctions as an enzyme cofactor
trace element present in tooth, may inhibit caries formation
RDA is 45 micrograms per day for adults. UL is set at 2000 micrograms per day for adults
Sources:
legumes, whole-grain cereal,
Ultratrace elements
Many ultratrace elements have been studied for their potential influence on dental caries
These include: Boron, Nickel, Silicon, Tin, Aluminum, Lead, Lithium, vanadium, and mercury