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Reproduction Diseases, Remember it's type 4 that causes the…

- - - - Extra teat
        
        Develops mastitis when there isn't a baby to milk it
        
        Snip it early
  - - - For it to work correctly it needs lubricant
      - it's like earwax
        
        It gets irritated and has to be cleaned off
  - - - Notable cause it's so early
  - - - Single pI carrier can reduce calving rates up to 50% or more
      - Isolate and test newbies
      - Vaccinates all replacements
    - - MLV produce broader immune responses than killed, but MLV can interfere with cycle or cause abortions
- - - - "Typhoid Mary"
  - - - So EAV causes EVA
  - - - University horse instance, gelding so not sex active
    - - Determines serum neutralizing antibodies to EVA virus
    - - AB titer of 1:4 or greater = positive
  - - - Abort 1-4 weeks after respiratory infection, but anytime in gestation possible
  - - - Virus can be cultured
      - Virus can be detected in semen by PCR test- virus isolation or VN test
      - Seronegative mares seroconvert to sero positive following breeding
- - - - Can't be isolated very well
    - - Some cattle can lick an infected cattle and get it though
    - - According to USDA- APHIS infected cattle herd
        
        1934: 11.5%
        
        2011: 0.00052%
  - - - Through contact with aborted fetuses
      - Fetal membranes
      - Uterine discharges
  - - - Subsequent pregnancies not affected
  - - - At a cattle market barn
      - Eradication program began in 1957
        
        Only 5 herds in 5 states now have disease, took 40 years
  - - - Once with RB-51 strain subcutaneously
      - Requires both an ear tattoo and orange metal CV tag in right ear
        
        to signify that the heifer had gotten the vaccine
- - - - Classic ex: Pretty superficial lesions as you can see, but it's sore
        
        Wash it everyday, maybe use a silver nitrate stick to cauterize it
- - - - Non being more common and more severe
    - - Similar to coliform in cows
  - - - Often subclinical - 70% loss in milk production
        
        Heat, swelling, pain, abnormal secretion
  - - - Usually seen in beef
  - - - You treat based on the bacteria in this case
- - - - All serology will tell is if been exposed
  - - - Abortion
      - Fetal abnormalities
        
        Mummification
        
        Premature
        
        Still birth
        
        Weak calves
      - Persistent infections
        
        Appear normal but shedders
- - - - Killed or MLV
      - IM or IN
      - IM MLV vaccines can cause abortions in pregnant cattle
- - - - An anaerobic spirochete bacteria
        
        Long rod with flagella
        
        Smaller than light microscope can see
      - Water loving bacteria
    - - Abortions
      - Infertility
      - Henolytic anemia
      - Mastitis
- - - - Not considered serious
  - - - Prolapsed uterus at birth
        
        Get uterus back in, she'll do fine
  - - - The muscle (seen in regular pic) is what protects the vagina and keeps it inside
        
        The pressure causes it to want to come out, and the muscle breaks down
        
        Sell the heifer when she has the calf, it is hereditary and will get worse
- - - - US & Europe: "Swine Mystery Disease" "Plague of 88"
    - - Mutates rapidle
  - - - Fever
      - Anorexia
      - Agalactia
      - Depression
      - Abortions >70 days
      - 2-4x stillborns, mummies, and weak piglets born
    - - Often no signs
    - - Respiratory disease
      - And secondary bacterial infection
      - Poor growth
    - - Poor doers
      - Fever
      - Depression
  - - - Minimizes symptoms and losses following infection
- - - - Untreated silage (stinky)
  - - - Cattle will start circling nonstop
  - - - Watch out for the center of rolled hay, cattle don't care about rotten cores
    - - Not very effective, so not cost effective
- - - - Between 22 and 33% of us population has been exposed - developed antibodies
    - - Where organism reaches maturity and reproduces
    - - Bradyzoites
        
        Tissue cyst form
      - Sporozoites
        
        In oocytes
      - Trachyzoites
        
        Rapidly multiplying form
  - - - Sulfadiazine
      - And Pyrimethamine
    - - Clindamycin
- - - - The only time the virus causes disease
  - - - In dogs it causes canine parvovirus
        
        Very hardy
      - In cats feline panleukopenia or feline distemper
      - In pigs: SMEDI
        
        Stillbirth, mummification (piglets), embryonic death, infertility
  - - - 0-30: embryonic death
      - 30-70: mummified pigs
      - 70-114: stillbirths, weak pigs/poor dooers
  - - - Pseudorabies
- - - - 1000 cow dairy with incidence rate of 22%, that is 79k a year loss
  - - - Taylorella (Haemorphilus) equigenitalis bacteria
    - - Venereal disease: contact with infected animal and instruments/equipment
    - - Endometritis
      - Cervicitis
      - Vaginitis
      - Profuse, mucopurulent vaginal discharge in mare 10-14 days post mating
        
        Then mare returns to shortened estrus cycle
      - Stallions and chronically infected mares are subclinical
      - Stallions show no signs usually but is a carrier
    - - US free of the disease from 2006 until December 2008 with an AQH stallion in KY testing positive
      - Not common, but shows up
    - - Culture from genitals and isolation
      - Difficult because bacteria is slow to grow and can be masked by others
      - Blood test can confirm only in mares that have produced detectable AB, not stallions
    - - Infection in mares resolves in a few weeks
      - Clean genitalia with chlorhexidine surgical scrub
      - Treat with nitrofurazone ointment, sex rest, and systemic antis
    - - Identify and treat infected carrier animals
- - - - Clinical signs
        
        Early embryonic death
        
        Infertility
        
        Irregular cycles
        
        Protracted calving season
        
        Occasionally abortion
        
        Bulls are subclinical
        
        Cattle show no clinical signs until 21-42 days later
      - Etiology
        
        Or C. fetus fetus
        
        Campylobacter fetus veneralis
      - Transmission
        
        Contaminated semen
        
        Sexual contact
      - Diagnosis
        
        Vaginal mucus agglutination test (VMAT)
        
        ELISA test
        
        Culture immediately following abortion or infection
        
        Bull culture prepuce area
      - Treatment
        
        Vaccination of infected cows and cows at tirsk
        
        Streptomycin to treat bulls who carry disease
      - Prevention/Predisposing factors
        
        Vaccination and AI for at least 2 pregnancies after disease
        
        Mostly affects heifers
      - Basic
        
        A nonenteric gram negative bacteria - curved; worldwide
        
        "true" venereal disease, economically important
        
        Abortion in sheep too
        
        Abort early and then recycle
        
        Abortion caused by infection of uterus that inhibits fetus
        
        Immunity develops 5 months after infection
        
        AI helps but can't totally eliminate as semen can be contaminated
        
        Serology is better but not best, culturing sometimes required
      - Questions
        
        Why is diagnosis difficult?
        
        Because the animals show 0 clinical signs of being sick
        
        Males will shed it everytime they breed but there's no immediate signs
        
        How would you confirm a diagnosis?
        
        Serology testing
        
        How should vibriosis be controlled?
        
        Breed clean cattle to clean cattle
        
        Use bacterin
        
        Lepto Vibrio bactrim for all breeding herd
  - - - Not prevalent in US but third world countries it's huge
    - - Essentially the same as Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis
        
        So early fetal death
        
        Infertility
        
        Pyometra
        
        Presents as infertility/repeat breeders so sneaky
    - - Due to this there isn't really a vaccine, what's available isn't effective and is expensive
    - - Isolation of T. fetus with microbiology and culture
    - - No safe and effective has been found
      - Various imadazoles have been used to treat bulls
    - - Isolate healthy females <5 months pregnant
      - Test and cull
      - Vaccination (not highly effective, expensive)
      - Breed AI
      - Purchase virgin bulls and cull infected cows