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Connection Chapter 4-6, Osmosis, Passive transport, Many drugs, pesticides…

- - - - Magnification
        
        Ratio of image size
      - Resolution
        
        Clarity of image
      - Contrast
        
        Difference of brightness
    - - Studying the surface
    - - Studying the internal
    - - Phospholipid bilayer
    - - Bacteria & Archea
      - 1st to evolve
      - Nucleoid
      - Cell wall
      - Flagella
    - - Energy processing
      - Support, movement, and communication
    - - Genetic control
      - Manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown of materials
  - - - DNA - Messenger RNA - Protein synthesis
    - - Region ribosomes made RNA w/ some DNA
    - - Format, using gene to make protein
      - Unpacked of DNA
    - - Making proteins
    - - Make proteins
    - - Makes protein that does not go in the endoplasmic reticulum.
      - Detached becomes free, interchange base on what they are doing
  - - - Vesicles
        
        Connected membrane structure
        
        Membrane bound organelles
      - Function
        
        Synthesis
        
        Distribution
        
        Storage
        
        Export of molecules
      - Organelles
        
        Nucleus envelope
        
        Endoplasmic envelope
        
        Golgi apparatus
        
        Lysosomes
        
        Vesicles
        
        Vacuoles
        
        Plasma membrane
        
        Both Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
    - - Two section
        
        Smooth ER
        
        Synthesis lipids and processes toxins
        
        Makes lipid, carbohydrates metabolism
        
        Breaks down alcohol down
        
        Steroids made out of smooth ER
        
        Rough ER
        
        Produce membrane
        
        Surface ribosomes make membrane and secretary proteins
        
        Make phospholipids, make proteins into membranes
      - Attach to the outside of ER
      - Golgi Apparatus
        
        Process and sends out ER products to other organelles or cell surfaces
        
        Modifies, sorts, and ships cell products
      - Lysosomes
        
        Enzymes that breakdown ingested substance and damage organelles
        
        Contain: acid
        
        Recycle damaged components of the cell diseases are seen when it malfunction.
        
        Tay Sachs
        
        Defective enzyme fro breakdown lipids
        
        Cells aren’t able to break down fats, cloys the cell is no longer able to function
        
        Characterized by progressive neurological disorder
      - Vacuoles
        
        Large vesicles w/ variety of function
        
        Large center vacuole
        
        Fresh water, single cell
        
        Storage - larger than vesicles
        
        Full of water
      - Peroxisomes
        
        Metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
        
        Inside- protein crystal core
        
        Large central vacuole
        
        Used by plant cells to store water
  - - - Cell respiration all eukaryotic cells
      - Release CO2
      - Produce ATP
      - Currency of energy for cell
      - Two internal compartments
        
        Outer membrane layer
        
        Inner member layer
        
        Mitochondrial matrix
        
        Mitochondrial DNA
        
        Ribosomes
        
        Many enzymes
      - Has their own DNA
    - - Photosynthesizing organelles of plant and algae
    - - Mitochondria and chloroplast small prokaryotes that began to live with larger cells
      - Symbionts
        
        Lived with larger cells
  - - - Function
        
        Maintenance of cell Shape
        
        Anchorage and movement of organelles
        
        Amoeboid movement
        
        Muscle contraction
      - Filaments
        
        Microfilaments
        
        “Actin filaments”
        
        Specific type of protein that support the shape
        
        Support shape
        
        Cytoplasmic streaming
        
        Rearrangeable to give this movement
        
        Intermediate
        
        Not going to move
        
        Reinforce shape
        
        Fix organelles position
        
        Specialized for bearing tension
        
        Microtubules
        
        Shape and support
        
        Cilia and flagella
        
        Centrosomes and centrioles
        
        Track for motor protein
        
        3 type of protein fiber in the side of skeleton
    - - Sight refers to cell
    - - Cilia push the mucus up and out of your throat
    - - Animal cell only
      - Functions:
        
        Binds tissue cell Together
        
        Supports plasma membrane
        
        Outside of cell
        
        Communicates with cytoskeleton
      - Glycoproteins + integrals
        
        Integral- important too structure
    - - 3 types of junction
        
        Tight
        
        Create a waterproof connection adjacent cells
        
        Anchoring
        
        Cell to keep together against forces that try to pull them apart connected to intermediate filament
        
        Gap
        
        Protein tunnels lines up with the protein tunnels - pass small cells
    - - Protection and support
      - Cellulose
      - Rigid extra cellular structure
        
        Not only protects the cell but supports the skeletal support keep plants upright
      - Cell wall junction
        
        Plasmodesmata
- - - - • Kinetic energy
        
        Energy in motion
      - • Thermal energy
        
        Thermodynamics
        
        1st law of thermodynamics
        Law of energy conservation: Energy can change form but cannot be created or
        destroyed
        
        2nd law of thermodynamics
        Energy transfers or transformations increase disorder, or entropy, with some energy being lost as heat
      - • Potential energy
        
        Energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects
      - Chemical energy
        
        Chemical reactions
        
        Exergonic reactions release energy
        
        Endergonic reactions require energy and yield
        products rich in potential energy
        
        • Metabolism
        
        • Metabolic pathway
        
        • Energy coupling
        
        ATP drives cellular work by coupling
        exergonic and endergonic reactions
        
        Phosphorylation drives work
        
        Transport work
        
        Mechanical work
        
        Chemical work
  - - - Protein catalysts
      - • Activation energy
      - How Enzymes Work
        
        A specific enzyme catalyzes each
        cellular reaction
        
        Substrate
        
        • Active site
        
        • Induced fit
      - Optimal conditions for enzymes
        
        Temperature
        
        pH
        
        Cofactors
        
        Coenzymes
      - Enzyme inhibition can regulate enzyme
        activity in a cell
        
        • Inhibitors
        
        Feedback inhibition
        
        helps regulate metabolism
  - - - • Fluid phospholipid bilayer
        • Mosaic of diverse proteins
        
        Plasma membrane has selective permeability
        
        • Proteins perform various functions
        
        Receptor protein
        
        Channel transport Protein
        
        Attachment protein
        
        Junction protein
        
        Active transport protein
        
        Glycoprotein
    - - Costs energy (usu. ATP)
        Moves solute against concentration gradient
    - - Exocytosis
      - Endocytosis
        
        2 kinds of endocytosis
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        Receptor-mediated endocytosis
- - - - In Photosynthesis
        
        • some energy in sunlight captured by chloroplasts,
        
        • atoms of carbon dioxide and water are rearranged,
        
        • sugar and oxygen are produced.
      - In cellular respiration
        
        • sugar is broken down to carbon dioxide and water
        
        • cell captures some of released energy to make ATP.
        
        Cellular respiration
        
        • exergonic (energy-releasing) process
        
        • transfers energy from glucose to form ATP,
        
        Transfer of electrons in chemical reactions.
        
        OXIDATION
        
        Lose of electrons
        
        REDUCTION
        
        Gain of electrons
        
        Redox Reaction
  - - - Location: cytosol
        Breaks down glucose into two molecules of a three carbon compound called pyruvate.
        
        Input: 1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
        Output: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H2O
    - - For each turn of the citric acid cycle** two carbons from acetyl CoA are added,2 CO2 are released, and
        3 NADH and 1 FADH2** are produced (supply third, stage with electrons)
    - - • Transferring electrons from donors to acceptors (O2)
      - • Create electrochemical gradient of ions
      - • Allow movement of ions down gradient
      - Location: inner mitochondrial membrane
        
        NADH & FADH2 shuttle electrons to ETC
        Electrons + O2 + H+ → H2O (reduced)
  - - - • Under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells, yeasts,
        and certain bacteria produce ATP by glycolysis.
        
        NAD+ is recycled from NADH as pyruvate is
        reduced to • lactate (lactic acid fermentation) or alcohol and CO2 (alcohol fermentation).
- - - - Normal
    - - Shriveled
    - - Lysed
  - - - Flaccid
    - - Turgid (Normal)
    - - Shriveled (plasmolyzed)
- - - - Transport proteins can facilitate diffusion
        across membranes