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Flood forecasting - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The length of time from issuance of the forecast and occurrence of a flood event termed as “lead time” is the most crucial aspect of any flood forecast to enable risk-based decision-making and undertake cost-effective rescue missions by end user agencies.
  - - - disproportionately affect the poor
      - lack of preparation
        
        and disaster mitigation
        
        problem that plagues
        
        most urban centres
        
        in the country
    - - Urbanization
        
        fast catch up
      - infrastructure
        
        creation not apace with it
      - lakes became
        
        holders of city´s sewage
    - - Unprecedented rainfall
      - Inability to manage
        
        city´s drainage systems
      - Antiquated
        
        drainage infrastructure
  - - - devised new measure
      - called Tide–Rainfall Flood Quotient
      - Imp to understand
        
        main driver of flooding events
        
        for effective disaster management
      - storm-tide dominated regions
        
        building coastal defence structures
        
        such as
        
        closure dams
        
        tide breakers
        
        storm-surge barriers
        
        at appropriate locations.
      - pluvial dominated regions
        
        structural measures such as
        
        rainwater storage structures
        
        lakes, and detention basins
        
        should be prioritised
        
        in flood management plans
- - - - helps local administrations
      - with better decision-making
    - - Multiple agencies
        
        IMD
        
        India Meteorological Department
        
        issues
        
        meteorological or weather forecasts
        
        CWC
        
        Central Water Commission
        
        issues
        
        flood forecast
        
        at various river points
        
        end-user agencies
        
        disaster management authorities
        
        and local administrations.
      - outdated technologies
        
        lack of technological
        
        parity btw multiple agencies
        
        poor water governance
        
        decrease crucial lead time
      - forecasting errors increase
        
        burden of interpretation
        
        shifts to hapless
        
        end user agencies
      - outcome is increase
        
        in flood risk and disaster
    - - India
        
        needs a technically capable workforce
        
        master
        
        ensemble weather
        
        and flood forecast models
      - forecast agencies
        
        raise technological compatibility
        
        with river basin-specific hydrological
        
        hydrodynamic and inundation modelling
      - Integration btw multiple
        
        flood forecasting agencies
        
        and end user agencies
        
        receive probabilistic forecasts
        
        give them ample
        
        time to decide, react, prepare
        
        and cost-effective rescue missions
        
        and undertake risk-based analysis
        
        reducing flood hazard
      - Urban Flooding
        
        Need to expand
        
        and remodel its drainage system
        
        Besides
        
        lakes and canals
        
        wetlands and watersheds
        
        play vital role
        
        in absorbing excess rainfall
        
        effect of flooding
        
        due to deluges
        
        only be mitigated
        
        if urban planners
        
        take into account
        
        hydro-geology of cities
        
        ensure
        
        construction
        
        development and
        
        land occupation
        
        do not take place
        
        reduce the area of wetlands
    - - MB
        
        BP/GE/IS
        
        Construction
        
        over lake beds
        
        encroachments of drainage channels
        
        identified as problems
        
        exacerbated flooding
        
        and inundation
        
        not address
        
        absence of adequate
        
        drainage systems
        
        irreversible damage
        
        done by city builders
        
        property owners, and
        
        public agencies
        
        by flatening terrain
        
        and altering drainage routes
        
        Rapid Urbanisation
        
        resulted in
        
        loss of large portion
        
        of the wetlands
        
        Drainage infrastructure
        
        not catering
        
        growing population in cities
        
        Loss of Wetlands
        
        Neglect issues of incremental
        
        land use change
        
        problem of urban terrain
        
        incapable of aborbing,
        
        holding and discharging water
        
        our cities
        
        become impervious to waters
        
        because
        
        increasing built up and
        
        nature of material used
        
        2 more items...
        
        Way Ahead
        
        Urban floods
        
        neither contained by municipal authorities alone
        
        nor dealth by SG
        
        cannot be managed
        
        without concerted and
        
        focued investments
        
        done in mission mode org
        
        with active participation of civil society org
        
        at metropolitan scale
        
        of energy and resources
        
        paying attention
        
        management of our wetlands
        
        by involving local communities
        
        Need a Mission
        
        mitigates flood risk and
        
        provides pathway
        
        to water security
        
        Watershed management
        
        and emergency drainage plan
        
        Terrain alteration
        
        need to strictly regulated and
        
        ban on any further alteration
        
        Improve city´s capacity
        
        absorb water
        
        new porous materials and
        
        technologies
        
        Sponge cities
        
        make cities
        
        more permeable
        
        hold and use
        
        water which falls upon it
        
        absorb rain water
        
        which is then naturally filtered
        
        by soil and allowed
        
        to reach urban aquifers
        
        Water
        
        2 more items...
        
        Implies support
        
        for urban ecosystems
        
        bio-diversity and newer cultural and
        
        recreational opportunities
        
        delivered effectively
        
        4 more items...
    - - Builders
        
        laid sewage lines
        
        upto neareast lake or
        
        connected them to storm
        
        water drain network
        
        wherever it existed
      - Eutrophication
        
        soon set into lakes
        
        making lakes rich
        
        with weed and poor
        
        in water-holding
        
        capacity and biodiversity
        
        water became unfit
        
        for any kind of consumption
      - Urbanization
        
        tampered with topography
        
        of the capital region
        
        altered
  - - - shifted towards
        
        Ensemble flood forecasting
        
        alongwith
        
        Inundation modelling
    - - deterministic forecast
      - e.g. “Rising” or “Falling” type forecast per model run