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Consonants - Coggle Diagram
Consonants
THE PLACE OF ARTICULATION
One place of articulation or focus
Unicentral
Two places of articulation or foci
Bicentral
The position of the active organ of speech
Labial
Bilabial
Both lips are active
[p]‚ [b]‚ [m]‚ [w]
Labio-dental
The lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth
[f]‚ [v]
Lingual
Forelingual
Apical
[t]‚ [d]‚ [s]‚ [z]‚ [∫]‚ [ʒ]‚ [Ө]‚ [ð]‚ [ʧ]‚ [ʤ]‚ [n]‚ [l]
Dorsal
In English there are no dorsal consonants
Cacuminal
[r]
The place of obstruction
Interdental
[Ө]‚ [ð]
Dental
Russian [т], [д]
Alveolar
[t]‚ [d]‚ [s]‚ [z]‚ [n]‚ [l]
Post-alveolar
[r]
Palato-alveolar
[ʧ]‚ [ʤ]‚ [∫]‚ [ʒ]
Medilingual
Palatals
[j]
Backlingual / velar
[k]‚ [g]‚ [ŋ]
Glottal
[h]
THE DEGREE OF NOISE
Noise consonants
Work of the vocal cords
Voiced
[b]‚ [d]‚ [g]‚ [v]‚ [z]‚ [ʒ]‚ [ð]‚ [ʤ]
Voiceless
[p]‚ [t]‚ [k]‚ [f]‚ [s]‚ [∫]‚ [Ө]‚ [ʧ]‚ [h]
The degree of force of articulation
Strong noise consonants
[p]‚ [t]‚ [k]‚ [f]‚ [s]‚ [∫]‚ [Ө]
Weak noise consonants
[b]‚ [d]‚ [g]‚ [v]‚ [z]‚ [ʒ]‚ [ð]‚ [ʤ]
Sonorants
[m]‚ [n]‚ [ŋ]‚ [l]‚ [r]‚ [w]‚ [j]
THE MANNER OF ARTICULATION
Obstructions
Complete
[p]‚ [b]‚ [t]‚ [d]‚ [k]‚ [g]‚ [ʧ]‚ [ʤ]‚ [m]‚ [n]‚ [ŋ]
Incomplete
[f]‚ [v]‚ [s]‚ [z]‚ [∫]‚ [ʒ]‚ [Ө]‚ [ð]‚ [h]‚ [l]‚ [r]‚ [w]‚ [j]
Momentary
Russian sonorants [p]‚ [p']
The manner of articulation
Occlusive /
plosives
Complete obstuction
Voiced / weak / lenis
[b]‚ [d]‚ [g]
Voiceless / strong / fortis
[p]‚ [t]‚ [k]
Occlusive sonorants
Nasal
[m]‚ [n]‚ [ŋ]
Constrictive /
fricatives
Incomplete obstruction
Voiced / weak / lenis
[v]‚ [z]‚ [ʒ]‚ [ð]
Voiceless / strong / fortis
[f]‚ [s]‚ [∫]‚ [Ө]‚ [h]
Constrictive sonorants
Oral
[l]‚ [r]‚ [w]‚ [j]
Occlusive-constrictive / affricates
Complete obstruction which is slowly released
Oral
Voiceless / strong / fortis
[ʧ]
Voiced / weak / lenis
[ʤ]
Rolled
Momentary obstruction
Russian [p]‚ [p']