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Chapter 5, Sieve elements are parenchyma cells, The fleshy buds of plants…
Chapter 5
Basic cells and Tissue
Collenchyma
not found in
subterranean roots
in aerial roots
deforming forces
animals
wind
snow
detrimental
parenchyma provide support
bands near vascular tissue
break resistant
tips stronger
just under epidermis
elonagting shoot tips
vinning plants
long flexible
thin cell wal
plasticity
thick in corners
extra strength>metabolic cost
young petioles
shoot tips
require more glucose
share organization
natural slection
Parenchyma Cells
numerous subtypes
transfer cells
increase surface area
inner surface of wall
ridges
other ingrowths
knobs
plasma membrane
large scale molecular pumping
numerous molecular pumps
no folds or projections
extensive
large
mediates short distance transport
glandular cells
transport sugar & minerals
transports out
transform metabolically
elevated dictysomes & ER
ew chloroplast
secrete:
resin
oils
mucilage
fragrances
nectar
chlorenchyma cells
thin walls
carbon dioxide passes
light passes
numerous chloroplast
photosynthesis
remain alive after maturing
metabolically active
soft part of plant
fruits
petals
seed
leaves
most common
Parenchyma tissue
mass of parenchyma cells
5-10 layers cellulose microfibrils
thin 80-100nm thick
primary wall
Sclerenchyma
#
primary wall
thick secondary wall
lignified
elastic
develop parenchyma
deforming forces:
wind
animals
snow
detrimental
prevents protoplast
from expanding
supports with only strength
deformed
returns when pressure release
develop from parenchyma
two types:
conducting sclerenchyma
vascular cells
transports water
mechanical sclerenchyma
fibers
long
flexible
adds strength
cell division
elongate
short sclereids
isodiametric (cuboidal)
strong walls
hard
impenetrable
protoplast die after secodary wall
fibers remain alive
store starch or calcium oxalate
expand slightly
Arrangement of Primary Tissue
tissue arranged properly
Epidermis
outer most surface
single layer
parenchyma cells
prevents water loss
to air
barrier against invasion
bacteria
fungi
small insects
shields delicate internal organs
prevents abrasion
dust particles
passing animals
leaves & stems rubbing
over heating
Outer tangential walls
encrusted with crustin
fatty substance
impermeable to water
forms cuticle
Stoma
guard cells
pair of cells
swell by water absorption
radial cellulose microfibrils
opens stomatal pore
back wall stretches
forms arch
pushes apart
opens pore
stomatal pores
space between gaurds
open during day
carbon dioxide enters
trichomes
elongated epidermal cells
difficult to damage
shade underlying tissue
create immobile air
hundreds of shapes and sizes
many unicellular
multicellular
single row cells
many cells wide
branch in elaborate pattern
die after maturing
cell wall still protects
some live
act as secretory gland
Cortex
interior to epidermis
simple
some species complex
specialized cells
secrete:
mucilage
latex
pitch(resin)
homogenous
photosynthetic parenchyma
sometimes collenchyma
large crystals of CaC204
deposits of silica
fit together compactly
fleshy stems
aerenchym
open tissue
large intercellular space
aquatic plants
large cortical air chambers
buoyant
no sclerenchyma
Vascular tissue
small organisms
bodies
unicellular
thin sheets of cells
diffusion for distribution
two types:
phloem
distributes sugars & minerlas
two types conducting cells
sieve cells
enlongated
spindle shaped
surface sieve areas
albuminous cells
sieve tube members
sieve area on ends
large
wide sieve pores
sieve tube
shorter than plant
sieve plates
end-wall sieve areas
large sieve pores
companion cells
loads sugar
into out of cell
smaller
prominent nucleus
dense cytoplasm
differ in shape
differ in sieve area placment
sieve element (sieve cells & sieve tube members
#
parenchyma cells
primary wall
remain alive to conduct
nuclei degenerate
cell remains alive
sieve pores
sieve elements differentiate
plasmodesmata enlarges
1um
clustered in groups
sieve areas
small
lateral
transport phloem sap
one sieve tube to other
xylem
conducts water & minerals
xylem sap
travels
dead hollow cells
not living cell tubes
two types of conducting cells
tracheid
obtain water
pit in wall
pit adjacent aligned
pit membrane
primary walls
middle lamella
not plasma mebrane
permeable to water
vessel elements
way to move water
less friction than tracheids
individual cells
primary walls
secondary walls
missing
perforation in wall
large hole
digested
removes end wall
vessels
entire stack of vessel elements
absorb H2O from parenchyma
pits for lateral transfers
tracheary element=traceids & vessel elements
cell arrest
stop dividing
starts small
primary wall
elongates and narrows
deposits secondary wall
cell dies
protoplasm degernates
hollow tubular wall
impermeable to water
small amount of
secondary wall
arranged in rings
annual thickening
interior face primary wall
large surface area
water movement
lacks strength
helical thickening
1-3 helices
interior primary wall
scalariform thickening
adds strength
underlies inner surface primary wall
extensive
reticulate thickening
secondary wall deposited
shape of net
circular bordered pits
most derived
strongest
primary wall lined
pit
allows water movement
weak point
border
2 more items...
not circulatory
Vascular bundle
phloem
primary phloem
mixed with sieve elements
phloem fibers
storage parenchyma
mechanical sclerenchyma
companion cells
albuminous cells
xylem
primary xylem
companion cells
larger than primary phloem
primary plant body
xylem fibers
xylem perenchyma
mechanical sclerenchyma
interior to cortex
one ring around pith
basal angiosperms
eudicots
monocots
distributed complex network
throughout inner part of stem
scattered in precise pattern
collateral
xylem/ phloem parallel
storage stems
large amount parenchyma
extra fibers
vines
tendrils
External Organization
stem
axis
corms
vertical thick stems
thin papery leaves
subterranean
rhizomes
fleshy horizontal stem
spread underground
subterranean
tubers
horizontal
grow short time
store nutrients
bulky underground
plants organ
subterranean
shoot
stem
flowers
leaves
nodes
internodes
area between nodes
elongated
plant explores
vines
stolons
internodes
extra long
thin
leaves don't expand
shorter internodes
new roots established
resembles new plant
old dies
new becomes independent
runners
leaf axil
axillary bud
miniature shoot
dormant apical meristem
several young leaves
phyllotaxy
arrangement of
leaves on stem
important
prevent over shading
alternate phyllotaxy
one leaf at node
alternate up stem
opposite phyllotaxy
two leaves at node
whorled phyllotaxy
3 or more at node
distichous phyllotaxy
two rows
two (di-)
rows (-stichies)
decussate phyllotaxy
four rows
some opposite
spiral phyllotaxy
slighty to side
above & below
spiral up stem
most common arrangment
buds
bud scales
small
corky
waxy
protect organs
terminal bud
extreme tip of stem
leaf scars
axillary bud
not active at random
specific pattern
some develop
some remain dormat
serve as reserve
growth centers
focus on vertical main shoot
trunk
if apical meristem dies
buds become active
replace
allow continued shoot growth
nutrient storage
important
massive and fleshy
many parenchyma cells
bulbs
shoot roots
thick
fleshy leaves
#
subterranean
Sieve elements are parenchyma cells
The fleshy buds of plants have many parenchyma cells
Vascular bundle contains mechanical sclerenchyma
