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French Revolution - to the - Beginning of WW1, Bismarck's Alliances…

- - - - Conflict against the Second French Empire and Prussia provoked by Otto von Bismarck (chancellor) to create a unified German. Prussia defeated France.
        
        France wanted revenge on Germany after a humiliating defeat in this war.
    - - A unified Germany made the German Empire even more powerful in Europe.
  - - - Their military strength was also increasing during this time and even became the 6th largest military in the world.
        
        Although Germany was thriving, other countries may have seen this as a threat since all countries strived for economic and industrial growth- since it showcased the country's power.
- - - - They ended up signing the Treaty of San Stefano in which The British and Austro-Hungarians thought that Russia was given too much power in the Balkans through this treaty. Bismarck used this opportunity to play the honest broker; this resulted in the Treaty of Berlin in which Russia retained its territorial gains, Serbia, Monenegro, and Romania would keep their independence, and Bosnia-Herzegovina would be placed under the exclusive administration of Austria-Hungary
        
        This treaty led to even more where at one point, Russia took its chance to gain territory which bothered Austria-Hungary as they wished Bulgaria to remain independent from Russian Autocracy, asking Bismarck for support. This ended in Russia having to withdraw their troops from Bulgaria. This crisis only revealed the severity of the Balkan problems. Not only this, but it also revealed Germany's unwillingness to see Russians benefit.
        
        It put an end to the League of Three Emperors, weakened Germany's role as an honest broker, and ended the Re-insurance Treaty. Tensions between countries over the Balkans were only continuing to grow, making it a cause of the world war.
    - - Bismarck aided Wilhelm II in his teens as he saw Wilhelm's future in him. In 1888, Wilhelm I and Fedrick III both died, thus making Wilhelm II the new Kaiser
        
        However, because of their different approaches in political affairs, this would eventually lead to Bismarck's (a significant figure in German and European affairs) resignation.
      - Bismarck resigns (1890)
        
        Wilhelm II and Bismarck had different views regarding policies. Wilhelm II and Bismarck often argued about how the domestic socialist movement should be handled. Because Wilhelm II did not like Bismarck's viewpoints, he asked Bismarck to resign. Bismarck left his position as Chancellor in 1890.
        
        Bismarck was an important figure in German's history. He used conciliation instead of confrontation when handling affairs and set a solid foundation for Germany's power in the world. However, Wilhelm II would implement more agressive policies (ex. Weltpolitik-- the expansion of German navy into other countries) that would cause tension with other nations.
        
        Schlieffen Plan (1905)
        
        Bosnian Crisis (1908)
        
        The crisis or tension arose with the Young Turks Movement rebellion in support of preserving the Ottoman Empire. This turned the Balkans into an area where there was repression against nations fighting for nationalism and independence. These rebellions in the Balkans scared Austria-Hungary because they feared they would face rebellions like the Ottoman Empire. Russia on the other hand wanted the balkan nations to unite, but Austria-Hungary decided to try and annex Bosnia and Herzegovina immediately to gain control in those areas. This angered Serbia later on because they believed they were more geographically and ethnically related to those provinces, and then russia was forced to support their Serbian ally.
        
        This led to the war because it was the start of some nations getting more aggressive against one and another, we can see two teams forming over the Bosnian Crisis, one side being Austria-Hungary and Germany and the other being Serbia and Russia.
        
        First Balkan War (1912-1913)
        
        In the first Balkan War, the Balkan League which consisted of the Balkan nations Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro fought against the Ottoman Empire. It began because of the Macedonian rebellion against the Ottoman Empire and the war caused the Ottoman Empire to slowly crumble.
        
        This war further created conflicts between the Balkan League, the Ottoman Empire and austria-hungary. Serbia especially was angered with Austria-Hungary and that would eventually lead to an assassination later on.
        
        Second Balkan War (1913)
        
        This war began in result of Bulgaria being dissatisfied with their share of reparations or territory from winning the First Balkan War with the Balkan League. Bulgaria decided to attack on their former allies Serbia and Greece, but Bulgaria was eventually defeated. After the war ended, Bulgaria still ended up with a little part of Macedonia.
        
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        Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary (1914)
        
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        The Chief of the German general staff, Alfred Graf von Schlieffen, designed the Schlieffen plan so Germany would be able to execute a two-front war in a situation when they would have to face off against France and Russia.
        
        This led to WWI because this plan forced Germany to be aggressive, pressured other nations military wise, and would later drag moderate nations like Belgium into the war.
- - - - Bismarck's Rise to Power (1862)
        
        Otto von Bismarck "The Iron Chancellor" was appointed as chief minister by William 1. In reality, Bismarck was in charge and began a series of wars that established Prussian power in Europe in the coming years.
        
        Brought power and a strong military to Prussia and unified Germany, trying to make Germany the most powerful country in Europe. Bismarck will also set off several other conflicts between countries in Europe.
        
        Austro-Prussian War (June 14 - August 23,1866)
        
        Also known as the Seven Weeks' War, this war began because Prussia challenged Austria for the leadership of the German Confederation. This war between Austria and Prussia ended in a Prussia victory (meant exclusion of Austria in Germany).
        
        Prussia became the dominant German state (if Prussia lost, Germany would have not existed). Immediate cause of the Franco-Prussian War.
        
        Age of New Imperialism (1870)
        
        New Imperialism was the colonial expansion of European powers around the 19th century. This new emergence of imperialism caused it to become a great source of power. Expanding into foreign lands gave power to countries who weren't as prominent before, and maintained power for those who were already in great positions.
        
        This fight for land caused tensions between countries especially as fewer possible colonies remained. These European countries scrambled for places like Africa and Asia which would later lead to a rise in conflicts.
        
        Alliance System Develops (1870)
        
        European countries start to form alliances as nations began to fear attacks from one another.
        
        The alliances formed in Europe is one of the major reasons why WW1 involved so many countries.
      - The Crimean War was a conflict fought between Russians and the British, French, and Ottoman Empire.
        
        This same Franco-Russian alliance held firm, even during WWI. At the same time, Austria's decision to go against Russia would also leave a lasting impact and allowed for the Austro-Prussian War.
    - - These revolutions were a result of a few main factors. First, the monarchies that governed the people were often unfair and angered their subjects. Secondly, a liberal movement was rising across Europe. Thirdly, a growing sense of nationalism created by imperialism led rebellion against occupying nations.
        
        A good example of the result of such nationalism is in the case of Serbia and Austria-Hungary, which ultimately led to the beginning of WWI
- - - - A revolution in France led by people against the monarchy and poor economics. Had phases such as constitutional monarchy, Reign of Terror, Directory, and Napoleon.
        
        Modern liberal and nationalistic ideals rise in Europe. Conservative movements followed and the French Revolution also led to Napoleon gaining power.
    - - Several nations started to get involved in a major conflict during the Napoleonic Wars. This event also led to whole populations fighting in war, rather than only professional soldiers.