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Chapter 5: Word Stress - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Prefixes of Germanic origin:
        
        Some letters that belongs to this category are the next:
        
        a, be, for, fore, mis, out over, un, under, up, with.
        
        Prexies of Latinate origin:
        
        Some letters that belongs to this category are the next:
        
        a(d), com, de, dis, en, ex, in, ob, pe, pre, pro, re, sub, sur
    - - Germanic suffixes or stress-neutral suffixes:
        When these type of suffixes are unstressed, and when they are added in a word, it doesn't modify the stress of the base or root word
        
        man
        
        C OUN.try・man
        
        ● ● o
        
        ness
        
        KIND.ness
        
        ● o
      - French suffixes or stress-demanding suffixes:
        These suffixes have a French origin, and they modify the base word stealing its stress, so the root or base word acquire a slight stress or are unstressed.
        
        ee
        
        trus-TEE
        
        ● ●
        
        ette
        
        KITCH-e-NETTE
      - Stress-changing suffixes:
        When these suffixes are added to a word, modify the stress to the two possible positions
        
        a. Stress shifted to the penult syllable:
        
        ad-VENT-age is changed to ad-van-TA-geous
        
        CLIM-ate is changed to cli-MAT-ic
        
        b. Stress shifted to the antepenult syllable:
        
        PHOT-o is changed to pho-TOG-raph-y
        
        DEM.o.crat is changed to de.MOC.rac.y
    - - my.SELF
        your.SELF etc.
    - - Cardinal Numbers
        
        TWEN.ty
        
        THIR.ty
      - Ordinal Numbers
        
        TWEN-ti-eth
        
        FOR-ti-eth
      - However, the stress in those numbers depends on the context, and there are two possible patterns for cardinal and ordinal numbers.
        
        Cardinal Numbers:
        
        Pattern 1
        
        a
        
        THIR-teen
        
        FOUR-teen
        
        Pattern 2
        
        a
        
        third-TEEN
        
        four-TEEN
        
        Ordinal Numbers:
        
        Pattern 1
        
        b
        
        THIRD.teenth
        
        FOUR-teenth
        
        Pattern 2
        
        b
        
        third-TEENTH
        
        four-TEENTH
        
        Native speakers trend to use pattern 1 (a) when counting, and (b) when the number function as an attribute adjective describing a noun. Second pattern (a) in phrase-final or utterance-final position, and (b) when speakers try to deliberate
    - - Two- Or three-word sequences consisting of a verb followed by adverbial particles and/or prepositions are called phrasal verbs. In English language there are two types, from Germanic and Latinate origin.
        
        Germanic phrasal verbs: look at, look over, look at for, talk out over, etc.
        Latinate verbs: regard, peruse, protect, dissuade, etc.
        
        Phrasal verbs are commonly accompanied by prepositions as about, at, for, from, of, to, and with. Also, are accompanied by across, ahead, along, away, back, behind, down, in(to), off, on,6 over, under, and up. Finally, phrasal verbs usually follow three patterns:
        
        Pattern 1
        
        Verb head – stress particle
        
        LOOK at
        
        TALK about
        
        apPROVE of
        
        Pattern 2
        
        Verb head + stress particle
        
        FIGure OUT
        
        DROP OF
        
        TAKE OVer
        
        Pattern 3
        
        Verb head + stress particle - stress particle
        
        RUN aWAY with
        
        WALK OUT on
        
        TALK DOWN to
        
        These stress patterns occur when phrasal verbs are spoken in isolation or when the phrasal verb represents the last piece of new information in the predicate. For phrasal verbs in the first pattern, the verb head receives light stress if it is followed by some other content word that carries the new information and receives strong stress. However, for phrasal verbs in patterns 2 or 3, if some other content word comes after the verb head and carries important new information, then that word is strongly stressed, and the verb and particle is only lightly stressed.
    - - When prefixes from Latinate origin are added to nouns, the strong stress falls in the prefix, the first syllable, and its second syllable receives light stress. On the other hand, when those prefixes are added to verbs, the stress falls on the second syllable, and not on the prefix.
        
        Prefix + noun (strong stress on the preffix):
        
        He’s working on a difficult PRO.JECT.
        
        Prefix + Verb (No stress on the prefix)
        
        They pro・JECT that it will take six months to finish.
    - - Compounds are combinations of two or more base elements that in combination have a meaning of their own. They can be written as single words (chairman), hyphenated words (African-American), or separately (acid rain). Some common compound patterns include:
        
        Noun + noun: sunglasses, ceiling fan
        
        Noun + verb: babysit, earmark
        
        Adjective + noun: blackboard, greenhouse
        
        There are three important rules to place stress in compounds:
        
        In English noun compounds, the first element of the compound is strongly stressed, whether the compound is simple (consisting of two elements) or complex (consisting of more than two elements).
        
        Simple Compounds
        
        BLACK*BIRD
        
        AIR*PLANE
        
        Complex Compounds
        
        BLACK*bird NEST
        
        AIR*plane WING
        
        There are two major noun-compound patterns: (1) noun + noun compounds and (2) adjective + noun compounds. Since both elements of these two patterns receive stress, they do not exhibit any vowel reduction.
        
        Noun + Noun Compounds
        
        DRUG STORE
        
        MAILBOX
        
        HUB CAP
        
        Adjective + Noun Compounds
        
        BLACKBOARD
        
        DARKROOM
        
        EAsy STREET
        
        Note the differentiation in lexical stress between "true" adjective + noun compounds and word sequences that resemble compounds but are actually adjectives serving to modify nouns.
        
        Adjective + Noun Compound
        
        The president lives in the WHITE HOUSE.
        
        (In this case, it refers to the presidential mansion, the strong stress of the compound is located on the first element)
        
        Adjective Modifying a Noun
        
        John lives in a WHITE HOUSE.
        
        (In this case it refers to a house that is painted white, the strong stress is on the second element of the compound)
- - - - It refers to the emphasis in the syllable of a word when it is pronounced. The syllable could contain a strong stress, lightly stress or they could be unstressed and it will depend of the specific rules to place stress.
    - - There are three types:
        
        Strong stress: It is the main syllable in which stress fall.
        
        Examples: Professor /prəˈfes.ɚ/, career /kəˈrɪr/
        
        Lightly stress: This type of stress has less strength than strong stressed but is stronger than unstressed syllables.
        
        Examples: Currently /ˈkɝː.ənt.li/, imagination /ɪˌmædʒ.əˈneɪ.ʃən/
        
        Unstressed syllable: It refers to syllables which has a very weak sound.
        
        Examples: Postman /ˈpoʊst.mən/, chocolate /ˈtʃɑːk.lət/
  - - - Accent aigu: This one (´) shows the strong stress in a word, and (`) that means that there is a low stress. Examples:
        
        Entertainment /en.t̬ɚtéɪn.mènt/
        
        Traditional /tràdíʃ.ən.əl/
        
        A vertical superscript mark: This mark (ˈ) represents a strong stress, and this one (ˌ) a low stress.
        
        Examples:
        
        Training /ˈtreɪˌnɪŋ/
        
        Medicate /ˈmed.ɪˌkeɪt/