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CHAPTER 6: LEAVES, shoot apical meristem - Edited (1), leaf - Coggle…

- - - - coils around object for support
  - - - mesohphyll is closely packed fibers
  - - - usually simple
    - - thin layer of corky bark
  - - - prominent bundle sheaths
        
        ring of mesophyll cells
  - - - needles
      - scale-like
      - broad scales
    - - evergreen
  - - - pitcher leaves
        
        similar to foliage leaves
        
        tubular lamina
        
        secretes watery digestive fluid
        
        trichomes let insects walk in but not out
        
        sharks teeth
    - - sundew
        
        upper surface
        
        trichomes that secrete a sticky digestive liquid
        
        leaf blade curls around insect
      - venus flytraps
        
        trigger hairs
        
        two are stimulated
        
        lamina folds together
  - - - extended lifetime makes sclerenchymatous leaves feasible
        
        hardness makes leaves more resistant
    - - sclerophylls
  - - - water conservation
      - some cylindrical or spherical
    - - light penetrates further
        
        deep photosynthesis
        
        can be subterranean
- - - - palisade mesophyll
        
        upper surface
        
        main photosynthetic tissue
        
        slightly separated
        
        parenchyma
      - spongy mesophyll
        
        aerenchyma
        
        lower surface
        
        allows for CO2 diffusion
  - - - large midvein
      - lateral veins
      - minor veins
  - - - transpiration
        
        not good
    - - layer of epidermal cells
      - guard cells
      - trichomes
      - cutin and wax
    - - upper surface
        
        hotter and dryer
        
        lesser stomatal density
      - lower surface
        
        cooler and wetter
        
        greater stomatal density
        
        crypts
        
        keeps air quiet
  - - - vascular tissue
    - - stipules
- - - - contain chlorophyll
    - - uses CO2 from respiration
- - - - tendrils
    - - fleshy leaves of bulbs
    - - bud scales, spines
    - - trapping and digesting insects
    - - foliage leaves
  - - - division of labor
      - integration of distinct plant organs
- - - - base of meristem
      - consists of
        
        leaf protoderm
        
        leaf ground meristem
        
        strand of cells differentiates into provascular tissue
    - - reach early developmental stage then become dormant
        
        rapid growth during spring
  - - - primordium becomes cylinder encircling apical meristem
        
        sheathing leaf base #
- - - - flat and wide
        
        maximum surface area for CO2 absorption
        
        maximum exposure to light
      - lower side is dorsal surface
        
        abaxial side
      - upper side is ventral surface
        
        adaxial side
    - - parts
        
        simple
        
        1 part
        
        compound
        
        multiple leaflets
        
        attached by petiolule to rachis
        
        palmately
        
        attached at same point
        
        pinnately
        
        attached individually along rachis
      - shape of leaves
        
        cordiform
        
        hastiform
        
        peltiform
        
        sagittigorm
        
        etc.
      - margin
        
        entire (smooth)
        
        toothed
        
        serrate
        
        dentate
        
        lacerate
        
        lobed
      - veins #
        
        basal angiosperms and eudicots
        
        netted pattern
        
        reticulate venation
        
        monocots
        
        larger veins side by side
        
        parallel venation
  - - - prevents self-shading
    - - cools leaf
      - stirs air
        
        makes CO2 more accessible
    - - small leaves
        
        closely packed
        
        self-shading is not a problem
        
        sessile leaf
      - long and narrow leaves (many monocots)
        
        self-shading only at base
        
        leaf base wraps around stem
        
        sheathing leaf base
    - - perpendicular to petiole
      - cuts off leaf
      - leaf scar
- - - - cabbage
      - celery
      - artichokes
      - onion
      - spinach
      - etc.
    - - parsley
        
        oregano
        
        basil
        
        mint
        
        peppermint
        
        etc.
      - due to chemicals in leaves or trichomes
        
        likely evolved as antiherbivore defense compounds
        
        classes
        
        mildly affective
        
        herbs and flavorings ^
        
        much more powerful
        
        alkaloids
        
        poison hemlock
        
        death camas
        
        tobacco (nicotine)
        
        quite lethal, but acts slowly