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Oxygenation: Acute pneumonia PNA - Coggle Diagram
Oxygenation: Acute pneumonia PNA
Symptoms
SOB
Cough (typically productive)
Fatigue/malaise
Excess sputum, may be purulent
Low BP
Chest pain
Chills
Lung crackles and congestion
Fever
Cyanosis
Tachypnea
Pathogenesis
Immune response can spike a fever, leaves debris and exudate
Exudate and debris impair gas exchange
Epithelium in airway release cytokines, mounting an inflammatory immune response
Many pathogens can cause pneumonia, bacteria are often typical infections and viruses are often atypical
An organism enter the airway and consolidates and multiples in the lower airway
Inflammatory cascade is triggered by the immune response affecting alveoli, alveolar ducts, and interstitial spaces around alveolar walls
As gas exchange becomes impaired from exudate, complications and symptoms mount such as: SOB and tachypnea, and hypoxia, septic shock, and ARDS
Risk factors
Cilia damage
Smoking
Age
Long exposure to dusts and pollutants
COPD
Hospitalization and use of mechanical ventilators
Immunocompromise
Immobility
Living in long term care facility
Prolonged intubation
Labs and diagnostics
Chest Xray
Sputum samples
CBC
ABG
Collaborative treatments
Antibiotics
Incentive spirometer
IV fluids
Pain relievers
O2 therapy
Antipyretics
Chest physiotherapy
Position to prevent aspiration (high fowlers when eating)
Complications
Pneumothorax
RHF
Bacteremia
Septic Shock
Pleural effusion
Respiratory failure
Endocarditis
Pericarditis
Lung abscess