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Livingstone 3&4 Personalities - Coggle Diagram
Livingstone 3&4 Personalities
Busching
11 volume Neue Erdbeschreibung written about culture, politics, etc. of various parts of the world
wanted to know about the diversity of the earth through first-hand experiences, rethought statistical techniques
considered a physico-theologist
Walker
Pursued environmental knowledge in the name of the "social order"
Part of Scotland's Enlightenment
Taught on agricultural economics within natural history
Was a Reverend but did not make religion a part of his teachings
Kant
The "Kantian Turn" revolutionized how geographers thought
believed geography would expand knowledge about humans and that it was essentially an umbrella discipline for all others
Rejected religion being a part of how Earth was created
taught lecture courses about his thoughts
Galileo
"History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom" heightened the battle between religion and science during his time
proved Copernicus' heliocentric theory
Science was lumped in with magic at this time
allowed for more precise measurements of how the Earth works (clocks, calendars, etc)
began the fight against the church during the Reformation
Burnet
English clergyman, considered a physico-theologist
"Sacred Theory of the Earth" - Earth's geomorphology comes from Earth being sinful
focused on the "fitness" of the physical environment
rejected dry philosophy of Aristotle
Boyle
Advocate for natural theology due to his strong faith
Created Boyle's Law regarding chemistry/physics
Journaled about travel which allowed for new information on native people and regional geography
Cook
In his three voyages he made many advances in natural science studies regarding plants, animals, and even indigenous people
Ship captain that made sailing more efficient by utilizing professionals in fields of history, astronomers, etc.
paved the way for future explorers and scientists
Hutton
founder of modern geomorphology
"Theory of the Earth" - Earth's landforms and shape are due to natural processes, not Biblical events like the flood
history of the Earth was an unending cycle to him
believed in a diety, but not one that had anything to do with how the Earth is shaped. Considered "scientific-theological"
Herder
"Ideas for a Philosophy of the History of Mankind" - used geographical texts to form his thoughts about the world
Viewed the Earth as a stage where divine drama of history unfolded
hated the things Montesquieu claimed
provided links between geographical tradition and anthropology based off of travellers and personal accounts. Coined the term"ethno-geography"
Woodward
inspired by Burnet's thoughts
used botany and geology to describe the Earth in his works and specimen collections
more of a naturalist, not interested in theology
LeClerc
see Buffon; name was changed after inheriting an estate from his mother
Humboldt
well respected in the world of empirical data
created a 30 volume piece of his findings in the New World
wanted to be a traveller, was more of a writer. Expounded on spatial distributions of life and the environment
shifted research from looking at not only what we can see, but the processes behind it (climatology, geology, etc)
any religious ties were not made to be a predominant part of his research or thoughts about the world
Carpenter
"Geography Delineated Forth" denounced Aristotle
was interested in divinity and regrets spending more time on science than God
First British geographer to write on theoretical geography, talks about limitations of research
"Philosophia Libera" supported Calvinist theology
believed chorography was not a real part of geography
Buffon
"History Naturelle", a book of Earth's history without divine intervention
Believed classifications were tools for naturalists to impose order
Wanted to keep religion out of the study of the Earth
Montesquieu
Wanted to reshape government and legislation based off his experiences as a judge, historian, and traveller
Believed the location of cultures created their conflicts (ie too hot in some places made people angry, humid places made people drunk, slaves were a product of laziness in tropical climate zones). Termed "climatic determinism"
"The Spirit of the Laws" influenced thought and politics
Grounded in deistic natural theology