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Governance
Systems of Government
Imperial Bureaucracy
Definition: Imperial bureaucracy was a Chinese organization in which appointed officials enforced/carried out the policies of the empire.
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Confucianism
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Definition: Confucianism is a philosophy based on mutual respect and kindness toward others. It was developed to bring peace and stability in society.
Empires
Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty was founded in 960 and lasted until 1279 and was known for being the first to use paper curency, a correct north facing compass and gunpowder
During the time of the Song Dynasty, the bureaucracy expanded so much that it contributed to the empire's weakness. Creating so many positions within the bureaucracy and by paying these officials generously, Song Taizu increased the costs of government, which began to decrease China's wealth.
Europe
Europe was politically fragmented and characterized by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.
Africa
In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity and expanded in scope and reach.
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Abbasid Caliphate
As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic people. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.
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Economic Systems
Economy
Song China: The economy of Song China became increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on free peasant and artisanal labor.
The economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovations in agriculture and manufacturing.
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