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5 Education Report (Post Independence) - Coggle Diagram
5 Education Report
(Post Independence)
Education Act 1996
In 1995 and 1996, the Education Act was amended to give sufficient need to meet the challenges in the 21st century beside making Malaysia as a center of excellence to the world.
The national education philosophy indicates that it is essential to develop potential individuals who are responsible and capable of achieving high level of personal well-being as well as being able to contribute to the harmony and betterment of the family, the society and the nation at large
The system is categorized as pre-school, primary, secondary (lower and upper), post secondary and higher education levels.
3.2 Primary Level
There are several types of school: National School, National Type (C) School, National Type (T) School and Special School for the handicapped.
They will be assigned to Year-One to Year-Six classes.
The medium of instruction uses National Language except National Type (C) and (T) Schools. - The objective is to provide basic skills of reading, writing and arithmetic, inculcating the thinking skills and values across the curriculum.
At Year-Six class, pupils will sit for Primary School Achievement Test (PSAT). However, there will be automatic promotion to the secondary level regardless to the result of the PSAT. : :
3.3 Secondary Level
subdivided into six categories: regular, fully residential, vocational, technical, religious and special school.
Pupils are then promoted to enroll in the lower secondary level, which has a period of study for three years (Form One to Form Three)
School leavers from the primary level who attended the National Type (C) and (T) School have to undergo a year transition class before enrolling in Form One. This is to enable them to acquire a sufficient understanding of the national language, which is also a medium of instruction at the secondary level. At the end of the three-year period, pupils are required to sit for the Lower Secondary Assessment (LSA).
Based on their performance at the LSA examination, certain pupils are channeled (based upon application and qualification) to one of these schools.
The period of study will cover for two years (From Four to Form Five). It is important to indicate that although this level introduce curriculum in technical or vocational skill, general education is still introduced due to the requirement of implementing the teaching of the common core subject to all categories of school.
In Form-Five, the pupils from academic and technical school will sit on the Malaysian Certificate of Education (MCE) examination while the third will sit for the MCE (Vocational) examination.
3.1 Preschool Education
Has become a part of the formal education system .
It guarantees access of pre-school education to children between the age of five and six in urban and rural area.
3.4 Post Secondary Level
prepares students for university entrance (local and foreign) and other higher education institutions.
Two programs offered at this level: Form-Sixth and Matriculation Level. The first will cover a period of two years and will require students to sit for the Malaysian Higher School Certificate (MHSC) examination. The latter is designed as a preparatory class that enables student to meet the university entry requirement. Normally the period will be at most conducted in two years.
3.5 Higher Education Level
to produce professionals as demanded by the nation for human resources and also provide facilities for research and consultant services.
Rahman Talib Report 1960
Rahman Talib's Report was made to review the education policy in 1960 and became a basic to establish the Education Act 1961.
Support the Razak Report and became the basic to the formation of National Education foundation like stated in Education Act.
Established to speed up the process of national integration and unity.
The report proposed:
Malay Language as main language in schools.
Free secondary school education.
Automatic promotion until form 3.
Emphasis on religious and moral education.
Stress on 3M basic education- (Reading, Writing and Arithmetic).
Stress on a strong spiritual education and d=the desired elements of discipline.
Stress on a Malayan curriculum.
Upper secondary education of two streams, academic and vocational.
Opportunity to continue education from 9 years to 11 years.
Facilitation of education management procedures to improve the overall quality of education.
Education Act 1961
The contents:
no fees for lesson in primary school.
Primary school become Sekolah Kebangsaan (SK) and Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (SJK).
Schooling until age 15 yrars old for continuation school.
If there are 15 or more Muslim pupils, religious class will be provided. Similarly, the Education Act provides that at the request od at least 15 pupils, a Tamil or Mandarin teacher would be provided from Standard 3 upwards to secondary schools (Clause 36).
Emphasis on moral values.
Provided trained teachers and education aids.
Empowering the national language.
The establishment of common curriculum.
The contents and points of the report are similar as the Rahman's Talib Report 1960.
Aminuddin Baki Report 1964
Aminuddin does not like the idea of vernacular school that exist during British colonization.
Aminuddin wanted to unite the students and build a harmonize nation.
Suggested a natinal school that mixed all races.
Suggested twelve suggestion to government regarding the regression of the Malay students:
the suitability of questions in examination.
teacher's attitude and problems.
the stability of teacher training.
implementation of teaching methods.
the relationship between teachers and parents.
facilities in schools.
Primary secondary education for three years after primary school education should be provided in line with government policy to increase school dropout age to fifteen year.
To prepare students to hold suitable positions after they graduate.
Varies the types of courses in order to produce a variety of skilled manpower.
4.Cabinet Committee Report 1979
1.Chaired by Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad (Mahathir's Report) who was Minister of Education at that time and later became Prime Minister since 1981.
The objectives:
to achieve national unity in a multiethnic society besides increase the sense of patriotism.
to produce skilled manpower for national development.
to further extend the policy of democratization of education in order to strike a balance in al aspects of education between rural and urban areas.