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Stem Cell Research, can be embryonic or non-embryonic - Coggle Diagram
Stem Cell Research
Future
3D print
Organs that are not functioning fully or complete transplants
Research
new information about genetic effects
diseases occur
what cells develop cancer
therapies
Types of Stem Cells
https://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/learn-about-stem-cells/types-of-stem-cells/
Embryonic stem
From a human mouse in 1981 to derive cells from human embryos and grow them
https://www.unmc.edu/stemcells/educational-resources/history.html
Created through Vitro fertilization
created 3 to 5 days after an egg is fertilized
stem cells are obtained from the blastocyst
induced pluripotent stem cell
Non-embryonic stem
Stem cell that is donated by adults without use of embryos
tissue-specific stem cell (somatic or adult)
stem cells in bone marrow can give rise to red and white blood cells and platelets
does not produce liver, lung, or brain cells and other organ stem cells do not generate blood or platelet stem cells
hematopoietic stem cell
Mesenchymal stem cell
from stroma, the connective tissue that surrounds other tissues and organs
found in bone marrow and can replicate bone, cartilage, and fat cells
scientist still debate on whether these cells are stem cells or whether they are outliers and they still need to figure out what cells they are capable of recreating
History
Ernest McCulloch and James Till
-University of Toronto in early 1960s
discovered the blood-forming stem cell, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) through work in mice
Hematopoietic stem cells are found in blood and bone marrow
The difference between Hematopoietic stem cells and regular stem cells: lack specific cell-surface antigens (CD133) and lack c-kit and Sca-1
subjected mice to lethal irradiation to replicate the effects of a nuclear bomb and destroy cells in bone marrow
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.2017.0019
cellular biologist
biophysicist
Ethics
https://medicine.yale.edu/news/yale-medicine-magazine/religion-politics-morality-and-stem-cells/
concerns about embryotic destructions
stem cell ethics board member states that human rights begin at conception and embryotic destruction in a lab is morally wrong
Barack Obama reintroduced funding for stem cells even with ethical concerns
need embryotic cells, more useful than non-embryonic so to cut out the use of embryotic cells would take away a large majority of the benefits of stem cells
Politics and churches want strict ethical rules in place
Court Cases
Scientist tried to block funding for human embryotic stem cell research
plaintiffs seeking to overturn denial of health insurance coverage
disputes over intellectual property
false advertising
breaches of contract
exposure of hazardous agents
regulatory decisions
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Positive Effects of stem cell
replace neurons done by spinal injuries
produce insulin to help people with diabetes
replace any tissue of organ damage
Negative Effects of stem cell
low blood cell counts
Graft-versus Host Disease
Skin and Hair Problems
Pain
Veno-Occlusive disease
Organ problems
can be embryonic or non-embryonic
cells engineered by labs by converting tissue-specific cells, such as skin cells, into cells that behave like embryonic cells
help scientists learn more about normal cell development and disease progression
useful for developing new drugs
produced by using viruses to insert extra copies of genes into tissue-specific cells