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CHAPTER 5: Word Stress - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Cardimal Numbers: TWEN.ty , THIRty , FORty
      - Ordinal Numbers: TWEN.ti.eth , THIRti.eth , FOR.ti.eth
    - - Cardinals numbers: Pattern 1: THIR.TEEN Pattern 2: THIR.TEEN
      - Ordinal numbers Pattern 1: THIR.TEENTH Pattern 2: THIR.TEENTH
    - - Pattern l TWEN.ty-THREE　Pattern 2 TWEN.ty-THREE
      - Generally, if a hyphenated number is mentioned in isolation (i.e., not contrasted with another number), the first pattern is preferred. However, if the number is utterance final, the second pattern is preferred.
    - - Prefix+ noun (Strong stress on the prefix)
        
        He’s working on a difficult PRO.JECT.
      - Prefix + Verb (No stress on the prefix) They pro.JECT that it will take six months to finish.
  - - - Stress shifted to the penult (the next-to-the-last syllable from the end of the word).
        
        ad.VANTage - AD・VanTAgeous CLIM.ate - Cli.MATic ED.u.cate - ED.u.CA.tion
      - Stress shifted to the aepenult (the third syllable from the end of the word).TRAN.quil - tran.QUIL.i・ty
        
        PHOTo - PhoTOG.raph・y DEM.o.crat - de.MOC.rac.y
        
        Example: ATH.lete → ath.LEr"ic; TEL.e.pHONE → TEL.e.PHON.ic
    - - Example: AB.sent → AB.senTEE; AUC.tion → AUC.tio・NEER
        -aire: DOC.tri.NAIRE –ee: trust.TEE
  - - - Simple Compounds BLACK.BIRD AIR.PLANE COW.BOY
      - Complex Compounds BLACK.bird NEST AIR.plane WING
      - There are two major noun-compound patterns: (1) noun + noun compounds and (2) adjective + noun compounds. Since both elements of these two patterns receive stress, they do not exhibit any vowel reduction
        
        Noun十Noun Compounds: DRUG.STORE MAIL.BOX
        
        Adjective + Noun Compounds BLACK.BOARD DARK.ROOM
        
        Note the differentiation in lexical stress between “true” adjective + noun compounds and word sequences that resemble compounds but are actually adjectives serving to modify nouns. Compare:
        
        Sentence 1: Adjective + Noun Compound: The president lives in the WHITE HOUSE. (the presidential mansion)　
        
        Sentence 2: Adjective Modifying a Noun: John lives in a WHITE HOUSE. (a house that is painted white)
        
        Although noun compounds are the most frequent compounds in English, there are also some adjective compounds and verb compounds, all of which follow the same stress patterns as noun compounds; that is, strong stress falls on the first element of the compound and light stress on the second.
        
        Verb Compounds: HOUSE.SIT BA.by.SIT
        
        Adjective Compounds WELL.TRAINED LIME.GREEN
  - - - The Germanic prefixes a-, be-, for-, and with- are always unstressed, whereas all others usually light stress
      - Prefixes of Latinate origin are generally unstressed when combined with verbs.
  - - - Formal About whom are you talking?
        
        Formal I know the woman about whom they were talking.
      - Incorrect Up what word did you look?
        
        Incorrect The word up which we looked has four meanings.
    - - Pattern 1
        
        Verb head: LOOK, TALK, disPENSE, apPROVE
        
        -Stress particle: at, about, with, of
      - Pattern 2
        
        +Stress particle: OUT, OFF, OVer, BACK
        
        Verb head: FIGure, DROP, TAKE, LOOK
      - Pattern 3
        
        +Stress particle: aWAY OUT, DOWN, aHEAD
        
        -Stress particle: with, on, to, of
        
        Verb head: RUN, WALK, TALK, GET